As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 9, 2025

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 20-F

(Mark One)

☐ REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the financial year ended February 28, 2025

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ________to ________.

OR

☐ SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Date of event requiring this shell company report _________

Commission file number: 001-40300

KAROOOOO LTD.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

1 Harbourfront Avenue

Keppel Bay Tower #14-07

Singapore 098632

(Address of principal executive office)

Hoe Shin Goy

Group Chief Financial Officer

17 Kallang Junction #06-05/06

Singapore 339274

Phone: +65 6255 4151

Email: ir@karooooo.com

(Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None

(Title of Class)

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act:

None

(Title of Class)

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as at the close of the period covered by the annual report.

30,893,300 shares of Common Stock as at February 28, 2025

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

Yes ☐ No ☒

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.1

Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.

Yes ☐ No ☒

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

☒ International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow.

☐ Item 17 ☐ Item 18

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Yes ☐ No ☒

ANNUAL REPORT

TABLE OF CONTENTS  

INTRODUCTION

During the financial year ended February 28, 2022, Karooooo Ltd. (“Karooooo” or the “Company”) listed on the Nasdaq (April 1, 2021) and concluded an inward secondary listing on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (“JSE”) by April 21, 2021.

As at February 28, 2021, Karooooo was a privately owned company fully owned by Isaias (Zak) Jose Calisto (founder and CEO of Karooooo) and Cartrack Holdings Proprietary Limited, previously known as Cartrack Holdings Limited (“CTK”) listed as a public company on the JSE. Karooooo was a non-operating entity, with its only asset being its ownership of 203,328,943 ordinary shares, or 68.1%, of CTK’s 298,766,000 ordinary shares in issue.

Karooooo listed on the Nasdaq on April 1, 2021 in connection with its initial public offering (“IPO”) in the United States. Following the IPO, Karooooo had 21,540,394 shares in issue of which 20,332,894 were founder held shares. By April 21, 2021 Karooooo had bought out all of the minority shareholders of CTK pursuant to a scheme of arrangement in South Africa and had delisted CTK from the JSE. Karooooo concluded an inward secondary listing on the JSE on this date (April 21, 2021) and issued a further 9,410,712 shares to eligible CTK shareholders who elected to reinvest the proceeds of the sale of their CTK shares pursuant to the scheme, in shares of Karooooo, representing 99% of all minority CTK shareholders bought out by Karooooo.

PRESENTATION OF FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Unless otherwise indicated, all financial information contained in this annual report is prepared and presented in accordance with IFRS® Accounting Standards (“IFRS”) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”). Certain differences exist between IFRS and generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) which might be material to the financial information herein.

We have not prepared a reconciliation of our consolidated financial statements and related footnote disclosures between IFRS and U.S. GAAP. Potential investors should consult their own professional advisers for an understanding of the differences between IFRS and U.S. GAAP and how these differences might affect the financial information herein.

Our historical consolidated financial statements were prepared to give effect to

There is currently no specific guidance on accounting for common control transactions under IFRS as issued by the IASB. In the absence of specific guidance Karooooo elected to apply the “pooling of interests” method of accounting. Under “pooling of interests” the assets and liabilities of CTK were carried over at their book values with no adjustment made for the acquisition price and prior periods are restated as if the common control transaction had occurred at the beginning of the earliest period presented.

All references in this annual report to “Group” or “Company” refer to Karooooo and its subsidiaries.

All references in this annual report to “U.S. dollars,” “U.S.$,” “$” and “USD” refer to the currency of the United States of America, all references to “R”, “rand” and “ZAR” refer to the currency of South Africa and all references to “S$” or “Singapore dollar” refer to the currency of Singapore. Unless otherwise indicated, all references to currency amounts in this annual report are in rand. Our financial year ends on February 28 or February 29 of each year. References in this annual report to a financial year, such as “financial year 2025,” relate to our financial year ended on February 28 or February 29, as applicable, of that calendar year.

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This annual report contains “forward-looking statements.” Forward-looking statements are based on our beliefs and assumptions and on information currently available to us and include, without limitation, statements regarding our business, financial condition, strategy, results of operations, certain of our plans, objectives, assumptions, expectations, prospects and beliefs and statements regarding other future events or prospects. Forward-looking statements include all statements that are not historical facts and can be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology such as the words “believe,” “expect,” “plan,” “intend,” “seek,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “predict,” “potential,” “assume,” “continue,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “could,” “shall,” “risk” or the negative of these terms or similar expressions that are predictions of or indicate future events and future trends.

By their nature, forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties because they relate to events and depend on circumstances that may or may not occur in the future. We caution you that forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and that our actual results of operations, financial condition and liquidity, the development of the industry in which we operate and the effect of acquisitions on us may differ materially from those made in or suggested by the forward-looking statements contained in this annual report. In addition, even if our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity, the development of the industry in which we operate and the effect of acquisitions on us are consistent with the forward-looking statements contained in this annual report, those results or developments may not be indicative of results or developments in subsequent periods.

Factors that may cause our actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements in this annual report include, but are not limited to, the risks described under “Risk Factors.” For example, factors that could cause actual results to vary from projected results include, but are not limited to:

Forward-looking statements speak only as at the date they are made, and we do not undertake any obligation to update them in light of new information or future developments or to release publicly any revisions to these statements in order to reflect later events or circumstances or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events.

PART I

Item 1. IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS

Not applicable.

Item 2. OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE

Not applicable.

Item 3. KEY INFORMATION

Not applicable.

Not applicable.

You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below and the other information in this annual report before making an investment in our ordinary shares. Our business, financial condition or results of operations could be materially and adversely affected if any of these risks occurs and as a result, the market price of our ordinary shares could decline and you could lose all or part of your investment. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us, or which we currently deem immaterial, may also adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. This annual report also contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. See “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements”. Our actual results could differ materially and adversely from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of certain factors, including the risks described below and elsewhere in this annual report.

A summary of the risk factors is followed by a detailed description of each risk factor.

RISK FACTOR SUMMARY

Risks Relating to Our Business and Operations

Risks Relating to Our Reliance on Third Parties

Risks Relating to Our Growth Strategy

Risks Relating to Our Intellectual Property, Data Privacy and Cybersecurity

Risks Related to Legal Proceedings

Risks Relating to Our Operations in South Africa and Other Emerging Markets

Risks Relating to Investments in Singapore Companies

Risks Relating to Our Ordinary Shares

RISK FACTORS

Risks Relating to Our Business and Operations

We may not be able to add new customers and retain existing customers, which could have a material adverse effect on our ability to grow our business and increase revenue.

We market and sell our mobility data analytics solutions to a wide range of customers, from consumers and sole proprietors to small and medium-sized businesses and large enterprises. To grow our revenue, we must continue to add new customers and subscribers and retain existing subscribers. Our strategy is to increase new subscription sales by increasing penetration in our existing markets and with existing customers, upgrading and enhancing our platform and solutions and by opportunistically entering new markets that represent a potential source of demand. Our success in adding new customers may be tied to a number of factors, including demand for our SaaS platform, the rate of new vehicle sales, the success of our sales and marketing campaigns, our ability to generate leads, our relationships with channel partners, price and service competition, general economic conditions and, in the case of our safety and security services, the real and perceived threat of vehicle theft and discounts offered by insurers for risk mitigation.

Selling to consumers or sole proprietors and small business customers may, in some instances, be more difficult than selling to medium-sized businesses and large enterprise customers. Consumers and sole proprietors and small businesses may have higher default rates, are price sensitive, may be difficult to reach with targeted sales campaigns and may have higher churn rates, in part because of the scale of their businesses and the ease of switching solutions.

On the other hand, the typical sales cycle for medium-sized businesses and larger enterprises may be longer than that of our consumer, sole proprietor and small business customers. These customers may have more complex business, operational, procurement, integration and contractual requirements and their scale may result in less favorable contract terms. Our sales cycle runs from lead generation to the installation of the device. Our typical sales cycle for large enterprises ranges from 3 to 24 months. Medium enterprise sales cycles run between 1 to 8 months with small business and sole proprietor sale cycles running between 1 to 90 days. The consumer sales cycle runs between 1 and 60 days. A number of factors influence the length and variability of our sales cycle, including the need to educate potential customers about the uses and benefits of our solutions, the discretionary nature of purchasing and budget cycles, and the competitive nature of evaluation and purchasing approval processes. It may be difficult for us to predict the timing of when we will enter into subscription contracts with medium-sized businesses and large enterprises and how quickly such contracts can be implemented. This could make the timing of our revenues uncertain and difficult to predict.

We may not be able to retain or drive margin expansion with our existing customers, which could adversely affect our financial results.

We generally sell our SaaS platform services pursuant to subscription agreements with an initial minimum term of 36 months. The majority of these agreements provide for automatic renewal on a month-to-month basis thereafter unless the customer elects otherwise. Our customers have no obligation to renew all or any of these agreements after the expiration of the initial term or any renewal term. If our efforts to satisfy our existing customers are not successful, we may not be able to retain them or expand our relationship with them and, as a result, our revenue and growth could be materially and adversely affected. Customers may choose to cancel or not renew their subscriptions or to downsize their subscriptions for a number of reasons, including the belief that our solutions are not required for their personal or business needs or are otherwise not as cost-effective as initially anticipated, a desire to reduce discretionary spending, a belief that our competitors’ solutions provide better value, an economic downturn in their industries or the markets in which they operate, and customers may not renew their subscriptions when they refresh their fleet with new vehicles. Large enterprise customers may also decrease the number of vehicles covered by subscription contracts if their fleet sizes decrease. Additionally, our customers may cancel or not renew for reasons entirely out of our control, such as the dissolution of their business or personal financial distress.

Part of our growth strategy is to retain customers and drive margin expansion by providing enhanced and additional software solutions to existing customers while keeping our costs low. Our ability to provide an advanced software platform to existing customers in a cost-effective manner depends, in significant part, on our ability to anticipate industry evolution, practices and standards and to continue to enhance our platform and existing software solutions, such as integration with fuel cards, GPS navigation devices, as well as various third-party software and products manufactured by original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”), or partnership with vehicle insurance providers, or to introduce or acquire new software features on a timely basis to keep pace with technological developments both within our industry and in related industries, including integration with developing technologies and platforms such as artificial intelligence (“AI”), machine learning and big data analytics. However, we may prove unsuccessful either in developing new software features or in expanding the third-party software and products with which our SaaS platform integrates, such third-party software and products may become incompatible or replace our solutions, and such efforts may not be cost-effective – See “Our platform integrates with third-party technologies and if our platform becomes incompatible with these technologies, our platform would lose functionality and flexibility and our customer acquisition and retention could be adversely affected.” In addition, the success of any enhancement or new feature depends on several factors, including the timely completion, introduction and market acceptance of the enhancement or feature. Any new software applications or features we develop or acquire might not be introduced in a timely or cost-effective manner and might not achieve the broad market acceptance necessary to generate significant revenue. If any of our competitors implements new technologies before we are able to implement them, better anticipates the innovation and integration opportunities in related industries or implements them in a more cost-effective manner, those competitors may be able to provide more effective or less expensive solutions than ours, which may also negatively affect our ability to retain our existing customers and drive margin expansion.

The effects of a pandemic or widespread outbreak of an illness, the Russia-Ukraine conflict, conflict in the Middle East, political and economic uncertainty in Mozambique, geopolitical tensions involving China and similar macroeconomic events, including financial distress caused by recent or potential bank failures, global supply chain challenges, foreign currency fluctuations, elevated inflation and interest rates, shifting trade policies and monetary policy changes, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our growth strategy involves the further expansion of our operations and customer base internationally. Any extended period of global and economic disruption resulting from a pandemic, the ongoing Russia-Ukraine conflict, conflict in the Middle East, other geopolitical tension and macroeconomic events such as financial institution failures, create increased uncertainty and strain on the global economy and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Since the October 2024 elections, Mozambique has grappled with political and economic uncertainty. The ongoing instability has disrupted our customers’ normal operations in Mozambique, prompting the temporary suspension of billing for a period of time in order to support our customers during this crisis. Additionally, the depreciation of the Mozambican metical against the South African rand has further intensified the decline in reported revenue. The continued political and economic instability has made the operating environment challenging and introduced significant uncertainty regarding the near- to medium-term outlook for Mozambique. The ongoing uncertainty could continue to have an adverse effect on our business in Mozambique.

Geopolitical tensions, including the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine and conflict in the Middle East, may adversely impact the economies of neighboring countries, such as Poland, in which we have a presence. Any increase in tensions between China and Taiwan, or other countries, including threats of military actions or escalation of military activities, could adversely affect our supply chain partners’ operations in these areas – See “We depend on certain key suppliers and vendors as part of our hardware manufacturing process. An interruption in the supply chain could impair our product availability, adversely affecting distribution and growth.”

The evolving energy crisis in Europe, could continue to significantly disrupt supply chains and cause uncertainty in the global economy, which could negatively impact our business prospects. Similarly, in South Africa, protracted electricity rationing and planned blackouts, due to the government owned power utility’s inability to meet electricity demand, have had, and could continue to have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are subject to fluctuations in foreign exchange rates between the South African rand, our reporting currency, and currencies of other countries where we market our solutions or source our raw components, for example the Euro, Thai baht, Singapore dollar, U.S. dollar and Polish zloty. Such fluctuations may result in significant increases or decreases in our reported revenue and other results as expressed in South African rand, and in the reported value of our assets, liabilities and cash flows – See “Risks Relating to Our Operations in South Africa and Other Emerging Markets”.

Trade barriers, including tariffs, import and export restrictions, and evolving geopolitical trade policies in regions where we operate may disrupt supply chain logistics, and affect the manufacturing of our core hardware, which could negatively impact our revenue growth and operating margins. In addition, the results of the 2024 United States presidential and congressional elections have led to changes in economic conditions or economic uncertainties in the United States and globally. As such, changes or uncertainties, including in international trade relations, legislation and regulations (including those related to tariffs, taxation and importation), enforcement priorities, or economic and monetary policies, could result in heightened diplomatic tensions or political and civil unrest, among other potential impacts, may have a material adverse effect on the global economy as a whole and/or our business, or may require us to significantly modify one or more of our current business practices.

The impact of these risks may also have the effect of heightening many of the other risks described in this “Risk Factors” section or otherwise directly or indirectly impact our business in unpredictable ways.

Our inability to adapt to rapid technological change in our industry and related industries could impair our ability to remain competitive and adversely affect our results of operations.

The industry in which we operate, and related industries, are characterized by rapid technological change, frequent introductions of new applications and evolving industry standards. In addition to the telematics or fleet management industry, we are subject to changes in the automotive software and technology industry with rapid technological advancement to mobile handsets, multi-functional driver terminals, on-board cameras, advanced driver-assistance systems (“ADAS”) and workflow management software. As the technology used in each of these industries evolves, we will face new integration and competition challenges. For example, as mobile handsets have evolved to include GPS tracking technology, they have become competitors against our solutions. Additionally, ADAS technology, with embedded AI, may have features that are similar to or overlap with our solutions. Furthermore, major gains in fuel efficiency and electric automobiles may lead to a relative decrease in the demonstrable return on investment of our solutions as perceived by our customers. If we are unable to adapt to rapid technological change, it could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and our ability to remain competitive.

Our platform integrates with third-party technologies and if our platform becomes incompatible with these technologies, our platform would lose functionality and flexibility and our customer acquisition and retention could be adversely affected.

Our platform integrates with third-party software and devices to allow our platform to perform key functions. For example, we offer integration with work-flow software products, such as business intelligence software, enterprise resource planning systems, routing and scheduling and freight management logistics billing systems, among others. Although to date this integration has been accomplished using application programming interfaces (“API”), other open software interfaces and simple physical linkages, we cannot guarantee that this ease of integration will continue or that we will be able to integrate with other products as easily in future or without additional cost. Newer vehicles and devices may be developed, which include different ports and do not allow for our platform to be integrated through simple physical linkages. Further, the risk exists that undetected errors, viruses or bugs may be present in third-party software that our customers use in conjunction with our platform.

Changes to third-party software that our customers use in conjunction with our platform could also render our platform inoperable. Customers may conclude that our software is the cause of these errors, bugs or viruses and terminate their subscriptions. The inability to easily integrate with, or any defects in, third-party software could result in increased costs, or in delays in software releases or updates to our platform until such issues have been resolved, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and future prospects and could damage our reputation.

Our software solutions rely on cellular (GSM/LTE) and GNSS (including GPS, Glonass, Galileo) or regionally equivalent networks (including QZSS) and any disruption, failure or increase in costs could impede our profitability and harm our financial results.

Two critical links in our current solutions are between telematics devices and GPS or equivalent Global Navigation Satellite Systems (“GNSS”) such as Glonass, Galileo and Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (“QZSS”) and between telematics devices and cellular networks, which allow us to obtain location data and transmit it to our system. Increases in the fees charged by cellular carriers for data transmission or changes in the cellular networks, such as a cellular carrier discontinuing support of the network currently used by our telematics devices, requiring retrofitting of our telematics devices, could increase our costs and impact our profitability. We have initiated a process to migrate new installations to the next generation of cellular network compatibility in order to maximize expected useful life of our telematics devices, however, cellular carriers could in the future migrate allotted bandwidth from one network to another. Also, while we have included the ability to store GPS data in our telematics devices in case of temporary cellular network connectivity failure, widespread disruptions or extended failures of the cellular networks would materially and adversely affect our solutions’ functionality and utility and harm our financial results.

GPS-equivalent services like Glonass, Galileo and QZSS are satellite-based positioning systems consisting of a constellation of orbiting satellites. These satellites and their ground support systems are complex electronic systems subject to electronic and mechanical failures and possible sabotage and it is not certain that the various government agencies will remain committed to the operation and maintenance of such satellites over a long period. In addition, technologies that rely on GPS or Glonass, Galileo and QZSS depend on the use of radio frequency bands and any modification of the permitted uses of these bands may adversely affect the functionality of such satellites and, in turn, our solutions.

Many GPS satellites currently in orbit have outlived their expected lifespans and are subject to damage by the hostile space environment in which they operate. If a significant number of satellites were to become inoperable, there could be a substantial delay before they are replaced with new satellites. A reduction in the number of operating satellites below the 24-satellite standard established for GPS may impair the utility of the GPS system and the growth of current and additional market opportunities. In addition, natural phenomena such as solar storms, software updates to GPS satellites and ground control segments, and infrequent known constellation-related events, such as GPS week number rollover, may adversely affect our products and customers. We depend on public access to open technical specifications in advance of system updates to mitigate these problems, which may not be available or complete.

The GPS satellites and their ground control and monitoring stations are maintained and operated by the U.S. Department of Defense. The Department of Defense does not currently charge users for access to the satellite signals, but we cannot provide assurance that they will not do so in the future. It is also possible that agencies that operate GPS equivalent services like Glonass, Galileo and QZSS begin to charge users for access. Any such disruption, failure or increase in costs could impede the functionality and/or cost of our solutions which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

The 5G market may take longer to materialize than we expect or, if it does materialize rapidly, we may not be able to meet customer expectations and timelines.

Growth of the 5G market and its emerging standards, including the newly defined 5G NR (New Radio) standard, is accelerating. If the market materializes faster than expected, we may have difficulty introducing new solutions in a timely manner to meet customer demands. The 5G market may require us to design hardware that meets certain technical specifications. We may have difficulty meeting such specifications and within the expected timelines. 5G markets will develop at different rates and we may encounter challenges to varying degrees in different countries. If are unable to manage challenges related to 5G markets and related opportunities, it could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Our inability to successfully recover should we experience a disaster or other business continuity issue could cause material financial loss, loss of human capital, regulatory actions, reputational harm and/or legal liability.

Should we experience a local or regional disaster or other business continuity problem, such as an earthquake, hurricane, terrorist attack, pandemic, security breach, power loss, telecommunications failure or other natural or man-made disaster, our continued success will depend, in part, on the availability of personnel, office facilities, and the proper functioning of computer, telecommunication and other related systems and operations. We could potentially experience material adverse interruptions to our operations or delivery of services to customers in a disaster recovery scenario.

For example, due to historic levels of relative under-investment in infrastructure, in particular, electricity, the South African government owned power utility, Eskom, continues electricity rationing and planned blackouts due to its inability to meet electricity demand. Although we have made contingency arrangements for use of generators at our various locations, the lack of a constant, reliable supply of electricity could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Even with our disaster recovery arrangements, our services could be interrupted. Our suppliers and customers are also subject to the risk of catastrophic events. In those circumstances, our ability to deliver our services in a timely manner, as well as the demand for our solutions, may be adversely impacted by factors outside our control. If our systems were to fail or be negatively impacted as a result of a natural disaster, pandemic or other catastrophic event, the ability to deliver our services to our customers would be impaired, our reputation could suffer and we could be subject to contractual penalties.

The global market for SaaS fleet management solutions is highly fragmented and competitive. If we do not compete effectively in such markets, our operating results may be harmed.

The global market for SaaS fleet management solutions, including tracking and mobility solutions, is highly fragmented, competitive and rapidly changing. Competition in such markets is based primarily on the level of difficulty in installing, using and maintaining solutions, total cost of ownership, product performance, functionality, customer service, interoperability, brand and reputation, distribution channels, industries and the financial resources of the vendor. We expect competition in such markets to intensify in the future with the introduction of new technologies and market entrants.

The global market for SaaS fleet management solutions is highly competitive. Our growth will depend, in part, on a combination of the continued growth in the market for these solutions, our ability to increase our market share and our customers’ continued operation in the regions in which we operate. We compete with a number of companies in each of the geographic markets in which we operate, some of which have established sizable market shares in the relevant markets. We expect competition to intensify in the future with the introduction of new technologies, the use of mobile devices and new market entrants from outside the telematics industry, such as enterprise software vendors or large technology companies expanding into the space. As competition intensifies, we expect that price competition for telematics solutions, including SaaS fleet management solutions will intensify, which could cause our revenues to decline and have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

For example, mobile service providers and global software platforms, such as Google, provide limited services at lower prices or at no charge, such as basic GPS based mapping, tracking and turn-by-turn navigation that could be expanded or further developed to more directly compete with our SaaS fleet management solutions. In addition, wireless carriers, such as Verizon, offer SaaS fleet management solutions that benefit from the carrier’s scale and cost advantages, which we may be unable to match. Similarly, vehicle OEMs may provide factory embedded or after-market installed devices and effectively compete against us by directly or indirectly partnering with other fleet management service providers. Furthermore, companies such as Google, Amazon and others have substantially greater financial, technical and marketing resources, relationships with large vendor partners, larger global presence, larger customer bases, longer operating histories, greater brand recognition and more established relationships than we do and may decide to compete in the market for SaaS fleet management and telematics solutions.

Such competition could result in reduced operating margins, increased sales and marketing expenses and the loss of market share, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

Industry consolidation may give our competitors advantages over us, which could result in a loss of customers and/or a reduction in revenue.

Some of our competitors have made or may make acquisitions or enter into partnerships or other strategic relationships to offer more comprehensive services or achieve greater economies of scale. In addition, new entrants not currently considered competitors may enter our market through acquisitions, partnerships or strategic relationships. Potential entrants may have competitive advantages over us, such as greater name recognition, longer operating histories, more varied services and larger marketing budgets, as well as greater financial, technical and other resources. Industry consolidation may result in competitors with more compelling service offerings or greater pricing flexibility than we have or business practices that make it more difficult for us to compete effectively, including on the basis of price, sales and marketing programs, technology or service functionality. These pressures could result in a loss of subscribers and/or a reduction in revenue.

Failure of businesses to adopt SaaS fleet management solutions could reduce the demand for our platform.

We derive, and expect to continue to derive, substantial revenue from the sale of subscriptions to customers choosing our SaaS platform. Widespread acceptance and usage of SaaS fleet management solutions is critical to our future revenue growth and success. If the market for SaaS fleet management solutions fails to grow, or grows more slowly than we currently anticipate, demand for our solutions would be negatively affected.

The market for SaaS fleet management solutions is subject to changing customer demand and trends in preferences. Some of the potential factors that could affect interest in and demand for fleet management solutions include:

Failure of businesses to adopt SaaS fleet management solutions could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Automotive market conditions and the evolving nature of the automotive industry towards autonomous vehicles could adversely affect demand for our solutions.

New vehicle sales may decline for various reasons, including adverse changes in the general economic environment, a reduction in our customers’ discretionary spending or an increase in new vehicle tariffs, taxes or fuel prices. A decline in vehicle production levels or labor disputes affecting the automobile industry in the markets in which we operate may also impact the volume of new vehicle sales. A decline in vehicle production levels or sales of new vehicles in the markets in which we operate could result in a long-term decrease in the overall number of vehicles and consequently, a decrease in our total addressable market, resulting in reduced demand for our solutions which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

The automotive industry is also increasingly focused on the development of Autonomous Driving (“AD”) and Advanced Driver Assistance System (“ADAS”) technologies, including the utilization of artificial intelligence, with the goal of developing and introducing a commercially viable, fully automated driving experience. There has also been an increase in consumer preferences for mobility on demand (“MoD”) services, such as vehicle and ride-sharing, as opposed to automobile ownership, which may result in a long-term reduction in the number of vehicles per capita and sales of new vehicles. A reduction in the number of vehicles per capita and sales of new vehicles could reduce our addressable market for solutions.

The increase in MoD services has also attracted increased competition from entrants outside the traditional automotive industry. If we do not continue to innovate to develop or acquire new and compelling solutions that capitalize upon new technologies in response to OEM and consumer preferences, this could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

An increase in factory-fitted or embedded telematics technology in new vehicles in our markets could result in reduced demand for our SaaS platform, which could have a material adverse effect on our revenue.

Certain OEMs have begun embedding technology similar to our own technology in new vehicles prior to their initial sale, creating the potential for products and services that may overlap with our SaaS platform. This may preclude us from increasing sales to customers purchasing such vehicles. The inability to market and sell our solutions to new customers or partner with OEMs to embed our solutions into their devices prior to their initial sale could have a material adverse effect on our ability to grow our subscriber base and increase revenue.

Our dependence on various lead generation programs could adversely affect our operating results if we need to pay more for such programs or we are unable to attract new customers at the same rate.

We use a number of lead generation channels to promote our SaaS platform, along with inside sales and field sales teams. Significant increases in the costs of one or more of our lead generation channels would increase our overall lead generation costs or cause us to choose less expensive and perhaps less effective channels. For example, a portion of our potential customers locate our website through search engines and social media platforms, representing one of the most efficient means for generating cost-effective customer leads. If search engine companies modify their search algorithms in a manner that reduces the prominence of our listing, or if our competitors’ search engine optimization efforts are more successful than ours, fewer potential customers may click through to our website or lead pages. In addition, the cost of purchased listings has increased in the past and may continue to increase in the future. In regions where we are reliant on inside sales and field sales teams, an increase in labor costs may increase our lead generation costs and cost of customer acquisition. As we add to or change the mix of our lead generation strategies, we may need to expand into channels with significantly higher costs than our current channels, which could have a material adverse effect on our cost of subscriber acquisition and results of operations. If we are unable to maintain effective advertising programs, our ability to attract new customers could be materially and adversely affected and our advertising and marketing expenses could increase substantially, further affecting our results of operations.

If we are unable to successfully convert customer sales leads into customers on a cost-effective basis, our revenue and results of operations would be adversely affected.

We generate a substantial amount of our revenue from the sale of subscriptions to our SaaS platform. In order to grow, we must continue to efficiently and cost effectively convert customer leads, many of whom have not previously used SaaS fleet management platforms, into customers.

We rely on our inside sales teams and our field sales representatives to drive cost-effective conversion of customer leads into customers. To execute our growth plan, we must continue to attract and retain highly qualified inside sales and field sales personnel. We may experience difficulty in hiring, training and retaining highly skilled inside sales and field sales personnel. An inability to convert customer sales leads into customers on a cost-effective basis could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. See “—The loss of one or more of our key management team members or personnel, or our failure to attract, train and retain other highly qualified personnel, could harm our business,” below.

An actual or perceived reduction in theft rates may adversely impact demand for certain of our applications, which could result in a loss of customers and a decline in growth.

Demand for our vehicle tracking and asset recovery solutions is influenced by prevailing or expected theft rates. Vehicle theft rates may decline as a result of various factors, such as the availability of improved security systems, implementation of improved or more effective law enforcement measures and improved economic or political conditions in markets that have high theft rates. If vehicle theft rates in our markets decline significantly, or if vehicle owners or insurance companies believe that vehicle theft rates have declined or are expected to decline, demand for some of our SaaS platform applications may decline, which could result in a loss of customers and a decline in growth.

We are subject to the risk of defaults by our customers and business partners.

Entering into subscription agreements with customers, particularly consumers and sole proprietors whose credit may not be as strong as that of our large enterprise customers, exposes us to credit risk in the event of customer defaults, and we may not be paid all amounts due under our subscription agreements. In deciding whether to enter into subscription agreements with prospective customers, we may rely on information furnished by or on behalf of them. We may also rely on representations of those prospective customers as to the accuracy and completeness of that information. The inaccuracy of such information or representations affects our ability to accurately evaluate the credit risk of a customer, and an increase in the default rates of our customers could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

In addition, bank failures in the United States and Europe have caused uncertainty across the global banking sector and financial markets. If other banks and financial institutions wind down and liquidate, enter receivership or become insolvent in the future in response to financial conditions affecting the banking system and financial markets, our customers and business partners may face difficulties accessing cash, cash equivalents or financing, which would lead to an increase in default rates and could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We provide minimum service level commitments to certain of our customers, and our failure to meet them could cause us to issue credits for future subscriptions, which could harm our results of operations.

Certain of our subscription agreements currently, and may in the future, provide minimum service level commitments regarding items such as unit and platform uptime, functionality, platform performance or operational turnaround times. If we are unable to meet the stated service level commitments for these subscribers or suffer extended periods of service unavailability, we are or may be contractually obligated to provide these subscribers with credits for future subscriptions, or provide services at no cost, which could adversely impact our revenue.

Risks Relating to Our Reliance on Third Parties

The conduct of third-party security officers engaged in stolen vehicle recovery (“SVR”) operations in support of our services from time to time involves the use of force, which could expose the Company to reputational harm or, potentially, civil and/or criminal liability.

We work with local law enforcement authorities and licensed third party security officers to recover our customers’ stolen vehicles. These recovery teams are armed and undergo training on recovery procedures including conflict management and the controlled use of force in response to threats, including being the target of gunfire by vehicle theft suspects.

SVR operations in South Africa, which are provided in connection with our services, are conducted under an arm’s length agreement by a third-party service provider, for which the agreement requires the service provider to comply with local law and our policies and procedures related to SVR operations.

From March 1, 2020 through February 28, 2025, 0.029% of SVR operations conducted by our service provider have resulted in injury or death as a result of weapons discharge. While in each of these incidents local law enforcement authorities determined that the security officers engaged in the action acted lawfully and in compliance with the policies and procedures outlined in our service level agreement with the service provider, there can be no assurance that a later determination will not find fault on the part of such security personnel.

In light of the nature of SVR operations, future incidents in which force is required are likely to occur. If the security officers engaged in such SVR operations are found to be at fault in any similar incident in the future, it could result in civil and/or criminal liability for us, including monetary damages or other penalties. Even if we are not found liable, we could suffer reputational harm if we are negatively associated with such incidents. While we have policies and procedures in place governing the use of force by our service provider, there can be no assurance that these policies and procedures, even if followed, would entirely mitigate any resulting reputational harm or civil and/or criminal liability that may result from an incident.

Our financial results are affected directly by the operating results of our licensees and their employees, over whom we do not have direct control.

Our operations in Botswana, Malawi, Rwanda and Zimbabwe, which are conducted by independent businesses that are licensees pursuant to franchise agreements with us, comprised 0.1% of our revenue for the financial year ended February 28, 2025 and 0.1% of our revenue for the financial year ended February 29, 2024. Our licensees generate revenue in the form of hardware and subscription revenue billed to customers. Accordingly, our financial results depend in part upon the operational and financial success of our licensees. We may have to terminate licensees due to various reasons, including non-payment. Additionally, if licensees fail to renew their license agreements, or if we decide to restructure license agreements in order to induce licensees to renew these agreements, then our revenues may decrease and profitability from new licensees may be lower than in the past due to reduced royalties and other incentives we may need to provide.

We rely in part on our licensees and the manner in which they operate their locations to develop and promote our business in Botswana, Malawi, Rwanda and Zimbabwe. Although we have developed criteria to evaluate and screen prospective licensees, we cannot be certain that our licensees will have the business acumen or financial resources necessary to operate successful businesses in their franchise areas and local laws may limit our ability to terminate or modify these franchise agreements. Moreover, despite our training, support and monitoring, licensees may not successfully operate in a manner consistent with our standards and requirements or may not hire and train qualified employees. The failure of our licensees to operate their franchises successfully could have a material adverse effect on us, our reputation, our brand and our ability to attract prospective licensees, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Our licensees and their employees could take actions that could harm our business.

Our licensees are independent businesses and the employees who work for them are not our employees, nor do we exercise control over their day-to-day operations. Our licensees may not operate their businesses in a manner consistent with industry standards or may not attract and retain qualified employees. If licensees were to provide diminished quality of service to customers, engage in fraud, misappropriation, misconduct or negligence or otherwise violate the law, including with respect to any laws relating to sanctions, our brand and reputation may suffer materially, and we may become subject to liability claims based upon such actions of our licensees and their employees.

Brand value can be severely damaged even by isolated incidents, particularly if the incidents receive considerable negative publicity or result in litigation. Some of these incidents may relate to the way we manage our relationship with our licensees, our growth strategies or the ordinary course of our business or our licensees’ business. Other incidents may arise from events that are, or may be, beyond our control and may damage our brand, such as actions taken (or not taken) by one or more licensees or their employees relating to health, safety, welfare or other matters, litigation and claims, failure to maintain high ethical and social standards for all of our operations and activities, failure to comply with local laws and regulations and illegal activity targeted at us or others. Our brand value could diminish significantly if any such incidents or other matters erode consumer confidence in us, which may result in a decrease in our revenue, which in turn would materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We depend on certain key suppliers and vendors as part of our hardware manufacturing process. An interruption in the supply chain could impair our product availability, thereby adversely affecting distribution and growth.

The manufacturing of our core hardware requires advanced production planning, including the purchase of specific components and evaluation of component-related design elements. We currently purchase the latest Global System for Mobile Communications (“GSM”), including Long-Term Evolution (“LTE”), module components of our hardware, semiconductors and other passive components from certain third-party suppliers, and we also source other hardware and devices from third-party suppliers that integrate into our device agnostic SaaS platform. In addition, we currently depend principally on certain third-party suppliers to supply and manufacture components of our hardware for our PC boards and to manufacture our GSM, LTE and GNSS components. These modules and many of the other components used in the manufacture of our devices have extended lead times on orders. We do not have contracts or volume commitments in place with our third-party suppliers but instead place purchase orders on a periodic as-needed basis.

We have in the past experienced, and may in the future experience, component shortages and the predictability of the availability of these components may be limited. For example, we utilize semiconductor chips in certain of the hardware products that we manufacture. Over the last several financial years, there was an ongoing global silicon component shortage, which resulted in increases in the cost of devices and components and delays in shipments of goods across many industries, including components used in our Internet of Things (“IoT”) devices. Although the semiconductor chip supply crisis has been largely resolved, it still carries a degree of uncertainty.

Supply chain disruptions as a result of port congestion with the challenges facing shipping routes and shippers having to explore alternative routes, jet fuel shortages and air freight delays can impede supply chains, leading to depleted inventories and resulting in a backlog of merchandise stranded in transit. Increases in the cost of devices or components, or freight to transport those items, could negatively impact our ability to fulfill engineering design changes or customer demand, each of which could adversely impact our results of operations.

While our hardware is designed such that components may be interchanged in case of supply disruptions or unavailability, any interruptions or delays in the supply of components could require us to identify and integrate our manufacturing logistics with an alternate supplier or use a substitute component. If the facilities of one of our contract manufacturers were to suffer a major business interruption event, it could take up to three months or longer to replace production capacity. Interruption in the supply of components from our contract manufacturers could impair our production capacity, and we may not have recourse against our suppliers through contractual representations, warranties, indemnification provisions or otherwise, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

These suppliers or vendors could fail to provide equipment or service on a timely basis, or fail to meet our performance expectations, for a number of reasons, including, for example, disruption to the global supply chain as a result of geopolitical factors, effects of a pandemic, natural disasters or the potential impacts of global climate change. The introduction of tariffs by the new US administration may have significant ripple effects on global supply chains, requiring manufacturers and supply chain leaders to adjust sourcing strategies, manage cost fluctuations, and rethink global trade dependencies. This may result in higher prices of certain components and may lead to growth constraints on specific product categories.

Although we have extended our supply orders in terms of lead times and have made pre-emptive purchases to build out our inventory, we cannot guarantee that we will have sufficient inventory for our needs at all times. Any interruption or delay in the supply of any of these devices or components, or the inability to obtain these devices or components from alternate sources at acceptable prices and within a reasonable amount of time, could harm our ability to onboard new customers.

Our SaaS platform relies on specific third-party software and any inability to license or use such software from third parties could render our platform inoperable.

We rely on software and other intellectual property licensed from third parties, including mapping software, business intelligence tools and data from third party vendors such as Google, HERE and Sisense to develop and provide solutions to our customers. In addition, we may need to obtain future licenses from third parties to use software or other intellectual property associated with our solutions. We cannot assure you that these licenses will be available to us on acceptable terms, without significant price increases or at all. Any loss of the right or inability to obtain the right to use any such software or other intellectual property required for the development and maintenance of our solutions could result in interruptions in the provision of our solutions until equivalent technology is either developed by us, or, if available from others, is identified, obtained, and integrated, which could harm our business.

Our use of open-source software may pose particular risks to our proprietary software and systems.

We use open-source software in our proprietary software and systems and intend to continue using open-source software in the future. The terms of many open-source licenses to which we are subject have not been interpreted by European, Singaporean, South African or U.S. courts or courts of other jurisdictions, and there is a risk that those licenses could be construed in a manner that imposes unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our ability to commercialize our solutions. Open-source software providers may also change their open-source offerings to commercial products. The licenses applicable to our use of open-source software may require that source code that is developed using open-source software be made available to the public and that any modifications or derivative works to certain open-source software continue to be licensed under open-source licenses. Moreover, we cannot ensure that we have not incorporated additional open-source software in our software in a manner that is inconsistent with the terms of the applicable license or our current or future policies and procedures. In that event, we could be required to seek licenses from third parties in order to continue offering our solutions, to re-develop our solutions, to discontinue sales of our solutions, or to release our proprietary software source code under the terms of an open-source license, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Although we employ open-source software license screening measures, if we were to combine our proprietary software products with open-source software in a certain manner we could, under certain open-source licenses, be required to release the source code of our proprietary software products. If we fail to comply with these licenses, we may be subject to certain requirements, including requirements that we offer our solutions that incorporate the open-source software for no cost, that we make available source code for modifications or derivative works we create based upon, incorporating or using the open-source software and that we license such modifications or derivative works under the terms of applicable open-source licenses. If an author or other third party that distributes such open-source software were to allege that we had not complied with the conditions of one or more of these licenses, we could be required to incur significant legal expenses defending against such allegations and could be subject to significant damages, enjoined from the sale of our products that contained the open-source software and required to comply with onerous conditions or restrictions on these products, which could disrupt the distribution and sale of these products.

From time to time, there have been claims challenging the rights in open-source software against companies that incorporate it into their products. We and our customers may face claims from third parties claiming infringement of their intellectual property rights for what we believe to be permissive open-source software, or demanding the release or license of the open-source software or derivative works that we developed using such software (which could include our proprietary source code) or otherwise seeking to enforce the terms of the applicable open-source license. These claims could result in litigation that could be costly to defend, have a negative effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations, and could require us to purchase a costly license, publicly release the affected portions of our source code, be limited in or cease the sale or use of the implicated software unless and until we can re-engineer such software to avoid infringement or change the use of, or remove, the implicated open-source software, which could require us to devote additional research and development resources, or take other remedial actions.

In addition to risks related to license requirements, use of certain open-source software can lead to greater risks than use of third-party commercial software, as open-source licensors generally do not provide warranties, indemnities or other contractual protections with respect to the software (for example, non-infringement or functionality). Some open-source projects have known vulnerabilities and architectural instabilities and are provided on an “as-is” basis which, if not properly addressed, could negatively affect the performance of our product. Our use of open-source software may also present additional security risks because the source code for open-source software is publicly available, which may make it easier for hackers and other third parties to determine how to breach our website, our software platform and systems that rely on open-source software.

Any of these risks could be difficult to eliminate or manage, and, if not addressed, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Risks Relating to Our Growth Strategy

We have experienced growth in recent periods. If we fail to manage our growth effectively, we may be unable to execute our business plan, maintain high levels of service or address competitive challenges adequately.

We increased the number of our full-time employees from 4,387 as at February 29, 2024 to 5,711 as at February 28, 2025. Our subscription revenue increased from ZAR 3,535.8 million for the financial year ended February 29, 2024 to ZAR 4,068.2 million for the financial year ended February 28, 2025 and our total subscribers increased from 1,971,532 as at February 29, 2024 to 2,302,236 as at February 28, 2025. Our growth has placed, and may continue to place, significant pressure on our managerial, administrative, operational, financial and other resources. We intend to further expand our overall business, customer base, headcount and operations. Our global organization and workforce require substantial management effort to maintain. We will be required to continue to improve our operational and financial controls and reporting procedures and we may not be able to do so effectively. As such, we may be unable to manage our expenses effectively in the future, which may negatively impact our gross profit or operating expenses in any particular quarter.

We may not effectively execute on our expansion strategy, which may adversely affect our ability to maintain our historical growth and earnings trends.

Cartrack has grown rapidly over the last several years. Companies that grow rapidly can experience significant difficulties as a result. Our primary expansion strategy focuses on organic growth, including increased regional market penetration; however, we may not be able to successfully execute on these aspects of our expansion strategy, which may cause our future growth rate to decline below our recent historical levels, or may prevent us from growing at all.

While we operate in numerous jurisdictions and our software platform and local company websites are designed for ease of localizations, we may find it difficult to localize our company website and software platform into certain foreign languages, and we may be required to invest significant resources in order to do so in markets in which we do not yet operate. Furthermore, in addition to the expansion of our business into new geographical markets, we seek to develop a range of mobility and monitoring solutions in select markets. We may not succeed in these efforts or achieve our customer acquisition, customer retention or other goals. In some international markets, customer preferences and buying behaviors may be different, and we may use business or pricing models that are different from our traditional subscription model to provide our mobility data analytics solutions to customers in those markets, or we may be unsuccessful in implementing the appropriate business model. Our revenue from new markets may not exceed the costs of establishing, marketing, and maintaining our offerings.

In addition, conducting expanded international operations would subject us to new risks. These risks include:

Operating in international markets also requires significant management attention and financial resources. The investment and additional resources required to establish operations and manage growth in other countries may not produce desired levels of revenue or profitability.

Various other factors, such as economic conditions and competition may impede or restrict the growth of our operations. The success of our strategy also depends on our ability to manage our growth effectively, which in turn depends on a number of factors, including our ability to adapt our credit, operational, technology and governance infrastructure to accommodate expanded operations. Even if we are successful in continuing our growth, such growth may not offer the same levels of potential profitability and we may not be successful in controlling costs relative to revenue. As such, we may not be able to achieve our long-term targets for expense management and profitability. Accordingly, our inability to maintain growth or to effectively manage growth could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Investments into our SaaS platform and technology infrastructure may not yield the desired results.

We have developed a scalable and proprietary SaaS platform to facilitate and integrate our business operations, data gathering analysis and online marketing capabilities and have invested significant capital and time into building and enhancing our SaaS platform and infrastructure. In order to remain competitive, we expect to continue to make significant investments into our technology. However, there is no guarantee that the capital and resources we have invested or will invest in the future will allow us to develop suitable SaaS platform enhancements or software applications or maintain and expand our SaaS platform and technology infrastructure as intended, which could have a material adverse effect on our ability to compete or require us to purchase expensive software solutions from third-party developers.

If our investments in our SaaS platform and technology infrastructure do not yield the desired results, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

If we fail to maintain or enhance our brand recognition or reputation, our business could be harmed.

We believe that maintaining, enhancing and protecting our brand and our reputation are critical to our relationships with our customers and to our ability to attract new customers. We also believe that our brand and reputation will be increasingly important as competition in our market continues to develop. Our success in this area will depend on a wide range of factors, some of which are beyond our control, including the following:

If our brand promotion activities are not successful, our growth and results of operations may be harmed. Furthermore, negative publicity, whether or not justified, relating to events or activities attributed to us, our employees, our partners or others associated with any of these parties, may tarnish our reputation and reduce the value of our brand. Damage to our reputation and loss of brand equity may reduce demand for our applications and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Moreover, any attempts to rebuild our reputation and restore the value of our brand may be costly and time consuming, and such efforts may not ultimately be successful.

The loss of one or more of our key management team members or personnel, or our failure to attract, train and retain other highly qualified personnel, could harm our business.

We depend on the continued service and performance of our senior management team, including our founder and Chief Executive Officer, Isaias (Zak) Jose Calisto. In addition, the sales, customer service-driven and research and development focus of our business is vital to our growth plan and the loss of key personnel could disrupt our operations. To execute our growth plan, we must attract and retain highly qualified employees. Competition for these employees is intense, and we may not be successful in attracting and retaining qualified employees with appropriate skills. This is particularly the case in Southeast Asia where there is increased competition for qualified employees with the appropriate language skills. In addition, new hires require significant training and, in most cases, take significant time before they achieve full productivity. Our recent and planned hires may not become as productive as we expect, and we may be unable to hire or retain sufficient numbers of qualified employees. If we fail to attract, hire and train new employees, or fail to retain, focus and motivate our current employees, it could have a material adverse effect on our business and growth prospects.

Our corporate culture has contributed to our success, and if we cannot maintain this culture, we could lose the innovation, creativity and teamwork fostered by our culture, which could harm our business.

We believe that our vertically integrated and customer-centric corporate culture is key to our success, which we believe fosters innovation, creativity and teamwork among our employees. As we continue to grow, we may encounter difficulties in maintaining or adapting our culture to sufficiently meet the needs of our future and evolving operations, and we must be able to effectively integrate, develop and motivate a growing number of employees. In addition, our ability to maintain our culture as a publicly listed company in the United States, with the attendant changes in policies, practices, corporate governance and management requirements may be challenging. Any failure to preserve our culture, particularly if we are unable to preserve our culture across the various markets in which we operate, could also negatively affect our ability to retain and recruit employees, maintain our performance or execute on our business strategy, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

We may expand by acquiring or investing in other companies, which may divert our management’s attention, result in dilution to our shareholders, and consume resources that are necessary to sustain our business.

We may in the future acquire complementary platforms, solutions, technologies, or businesses. We also may enter into relationships with other businesses to expand our portfolio of solutions or our ability to provide our solutions in foreign jurisdictions. Negotiating these transactions can be time-consuming, difficult and expensive, and our ability to complete these transactions may often be subject to conditions or approvals that are beyond our control. Consequently, these transactions, even if undertaken and announced, may not close.

An acquisition, investment, joint venture, alliance or new business relationship may result in unforeseen operating difficulties and expenditures. In particular, we may encounter difficulties assimilating or integrating the businesses, technologies, solutions, employees, or operations of acquired companies, particularly if the key employees of the acquired company choose not to work for us, or display a conflicting corporate culture or work ethic, the acquired company’s technology is not easily adapted to be compatible with ours, or we have difficulty retaining the customers of any acquired business due to changes in management or otherwise. Acquisitions may also disrupt our business, divert our resources, and require significant management attention that would otherwise be available for the development of our business. Moreover, the anticipated benefits of any acquisition, investment, or business relationship may not be realized or we may be exposed to unknown liabilities, including litigation against the companies we may acquire. For one or more of those transactions, we may:

Any of these risks could harm our business and results of operations.

We have entered, and expect to continue to enter, into collaboration agreements or partnerships and these activities involve risks and uncertainties.

We have entered, and expect to continue to enter, into collaboration agreements with local partners to the extent required pursuant to local laws and regulations in order to penetrate certain geographic regions to effectively grow our business. Entering into collaborations or partnerships involves risks and uncertainties, including the risk that a given partner could fail to satisfy its obligations, which may result in certain liabilities to us for guarantees and other commitments. Further, since we may not exercise control over our current or future partners, we may not be able to require our partners to take the actions that we believe are necessary to implement our business strategy. Additionally, differences in views among partners may result in delayed decision-making or failure to agree on major issues. If any of these difficulties cause any of our partners to deviate from our business strategy, or if this leads any of our collaborations or partnerships to fail to attract the intended customer base, it could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

Risks Relating to Our Intellectual Property, Data Privacy and Cybersecurity

Evolving regulation and changes in applicable laws relating to the Internet and data privacy may increase our expenditure related to compliance efforts or otherwise limit the solutions we can offer, which may harm our business and adversely affect our financial condition.

The transmission of data over the Internet and cellular networks is a critical component of our SaaS business model. As Internet commerce continues to evolve, increased regulation by federal, state or foreign agencies becomes more likely, particularly in the areas of data privacy, and data security. We are subject to this complex and evolving patchwork of data privacy and data security laws and regulations in the jurisdictions in which we operate. These laws and regulations impose numerous obligations on our business, including those relating to the collection, use, disclosure, transfer, destruction and security of personal information. The requirements under these laws are often complex, vary by jurisdiction and can be subject to unclear or conflicting interpretations. These laws may also carry significant penalties for non-compliance, including substantial fines and private litigation. Despite our efforts to comply with these obligations, our products, services and operations may not fully comply with all applicable laws and regulations at all times. In addition, taxation of services provided over the Internet or other charges imposed by government agencies or by private organizations for accessing the Internet may be imposed. Any regulation imposing greater fees for Internet use or restricting information exchange over the Internet could result in a decline in the profitability and viability of Internet-based services, which could harm our business.

Our solutions enable us to collect, manage and store a wide range of data related to fleet management, vehicle location and tracking and other telematics services such as fuel usage, engine temperature, speed and mileage and, in the case of our field service application, includes customer information, job data, schedule and invoice information. A valuable component of our solutions is our ability to analyze this data and present the user with actionable business intelligence, including AI-powered decision making tools. We expect AI to play an increasingly important role in our future product and service offerings. As with many developing technologies, AI presents risks and challenges that could affect its further development, adoption, and use, and therefore our business. The use of AI technologies could lead to the unauthorized disclosure of sensitive, proprietary, or confidential information and could lead to new potential cyberattack methods or increase the frequency or intensity of such attacks. We obtain our data from a variety of sources, including our customers and third-party sources or service providers. We cannot assure you that the data we require for our proprietary data sets will be available from these sources in the future or that the cost of such data will not increase. The United States and various state governments have adopted or proposed limitations on the collection, distribution and use of personal information. Several foreign jurisdictions, including South Africa, Singapore and the European Union, have adopted legislation (including directives or regulations) that increase or change the requirements governing data collection and storage in these jurisdictions. Further, such data privacy laws and regulations may be amended in the future. Any failure to adhere to or successfully implement processes in response to changing regulatory requirements in this area could result in legal liability or impairment to our reputation in the marketplace, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

The current European Union legislation related to data protection is the General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”). While we appointed a Data Protection Officer to oversee and supervise our compliance with European data protection regulations and have taken steps to mitigate the risks of GDPR, we cannot provide any assurance that we are in compliance with all aspects of European data protection regulations, including GDPR. Despite our ongoing efforts to bring practices into compliance, we may not be successful either due to various factors within our control, such as limited financial or human resources, or other factors outside of our control. For example, while we seek to enter into data processing agreements with third-parties with whom we share data, or who share data with us, we may be unable to execute agreements with all such third-parties. It is also possible that local data protection authorities may have different interpretations of the GDPR, leading to potential inconsistencies amongst various EU member states. The Artificial Intelligence Act of the European Union, also known as the EU AI Act or the AI Act came into force on August 1, 2024, with different provisions of the law going into effect in different stages in 2025.

In Singapore, the Personal Data Protection Act 2012, No. 26 of 2012 generally requires organizations to give notice and obtain consents prior to collection, use or disclosure of personal data (data, whether true or not, about an individual who can be identified from that data or other accessible information). The Protection of Personal Information Act, No. 4 of 2013 (the “POPI Act”) applies to our South African subsidiaries.

In 2023, China issued its Interim Measures for the Administration of Generative Artificial Intelligence Services. Under the law, the provision and use of generative AI services must “respect the legitimate rights and interests of others” and are required to “not endanger the physical and mental health of others, and do not infringe upon others' portrait rights, reputation rights, honor rights, privacy rights, and personal information rights”.

We have updated and will continue to evaluate our Group data protection and security policies, charters, and procedures to assist in maintaining data privacy and data security in line with international practices. If our privacy or data security measures fail to comply, or are perceived to fail to comply, with current or future laws and regulations, we may be subject to litigation, regulatory investigations or other liabilities.

Moreover, if future laws and regulations limit our customers’ ability to use and share this data or our ability to store, process and share data with our clients over the Internet, demand for our solution could decrease, our costs could increase, and our results of operations and financial condition could be harmed.

U.S. treatment of data protection is accomplished by legislation at the federal level within sector-specific contexts and so definitions of what kinds of data are covered will vary from one law to the next. In recent years, a proliferation of comprehensive state data privacy laws was enacted in several jurisdictions in the US, in addition to those already in effect. Furthermore, as regulations continue to develop, enforcement actions may increase. As such, businesses are required to allocate adequate resources to ensure compliance with data privacy laws.

In addition, AI has seen a significant expansion in terms of technology, adoption, proposed regulation and enforcement. In 2022, the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) released its “Blueprint for an AI Bill of Rights.” This nonbinding framework delineates five principles to guide the development of AI, including a section dedicated to data privacy, encouraging AI professionals to seek individuals’ consent on data use. The expansion of AI policies and regulation, particularly at the U.S. state level, is possible.

On the U.S. federal level, despite the American Data Privacy and Protection Act in 2022, there has not been significant advancement toward an omnibus privacy law.

We also run an insurance agency and brokerage unit that sells short-term insurance policies and selected insurance-related value-add vehicle products to our customers. This results in us receiving personally identifiable information with the customer’s consent. This information is increasingly subject to legislation and regulation. This legislation and regulation are generally intended to protect individual privacy and the privacy and security of personal information. We could be adversely affected if government regulations require us to significantly change our business practices with respect to this type of information or if the insurance providers who use our marketplace violate applicable laws and regulations.

Changes in applicable laws and regulations may materially increase our direct and indirect compliance and other expenses of doing business, having a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. If there were to be changes to statutory or regulatory requirements, we may be unable to comply fully with or maintain all required licenses and approvals. Regulatory authorities have relatively broad discretion to grant, renew and revoke licenses and approvals. If we do not have all requisite licenses and approvals, or do not comply with applicable statutory and regulatory requirements, the regulatory authorities could preclude or temporarily suspend us from carrying on some or all of our activities or institute financial penalties on us, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We cannot predict whether any proposed legislation or regulatory changes will be adopted, or what impact, if any, such proposals or, if enacted, such laws could have on our business, results of operations and financial condition. If we fail to comply with applicable laws and regulations, we may be subject to investigations, criminal penalties or civil remedies, including fines, injunctions, loss of an operating license or approval, increased scrutiny or oversight by regulatory authorities, the suspension of individual employees, limitations on engaging in a particular business or redress to customers. The cost of compliance and the consequences of non-compliance could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, a failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition by exposing us to negative publicity and reputational damage or by harming our customer or employee relationships.

In most jurisdictions, government regulatory authorities have the power to interpret and amend applicable laws and regulations, and have discretion to grant, renew and revoke the various licenses and approvals we need to conduct our activities. Such authorities may require us to incur substantial costs in order to comply with such laws and regulations. Regulatory statutes are broad in scope and subject to differing interpretation. In some areas of our businesses, we act on our own or the industry’s interpretations of applicable laws or regulations, which may differ by jurisdiction. In the event those interpretations are different from the interpretations of regulatory authorities, we may be penalized or precluded from carrying on our previous activities.

Our software platform may contain undetected defects or software errors, which could result in damage to our reputation, market rejection of our products, or adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our continued growth depends in part on the ability of our existing and potential customers to access our solutions and platform capabilities at any time and within an acceptable period of time. We have experienced, and may in the future experience, disruptions, outages, and other performance problems due to a variety of factors, including infrastructure changes, introductions of new functionality, human or software errors, capacity constraints due to an overwhelming number of users accessing our platform simultaneously, denial of service attacks, or other security-related incidents. We must update our SaaS platform quickly to keep pace with the rapidly changing market including the third-party software and devices with which our solutions integrate, and we have a history of frequently introducing new versions. Our solutions could contain undetected errors or defects, especially when first introduced or when new versions are released that are difficult to detect and correct despite third-party testing. Our solutions, including software, may not be free from errors or defects, which could result in damage to our reputation or a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

It may become increasingly difficult to maintain and improve our performance, especially during peak usage times and as our solutions and platform capabilities become more complex and our user traffic increases. If our platform is unavailable or if our users are unable to access our solutions and platform capabilities within a reasonable amount of time or at all, we may experience a loss of customers, lost or delayed market acceptance of our platform and solutions, delays in payment to us by customers, harm to our reputation and brand, legal claims against us, and the diversion of our resources. In addition, to the extent that we do not effectively address capacity constraints, upgrade our systems as needed and continually develop our technology and network architecture to accommodate actual and anticipated changes in technology, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

The operation of our hardware is controlled by the firmware loaded on the hardware. We generally provide firmware updates to our customers by “over-the-air” wireless communication directly to our customers’ telematics devices. If the firmware does not function as expected and prevents the uploading of updated firmware, it would require direct servicing of the installed on-board computer by trained employees resulting in significant costs. Variations among communications protocols in the markets in which we operate enhance the risk of error in the remote installation of firmware. Although we attempt to manage this risk by introducing firmware updates in stages so that the success of deployment to a small number of telematics devices can be assessed before the installment risk is expanded to a larger customer base, there can be no assurance that we will be successful in detecting firmware operation and integration problems or otherwise in managing our exposure to remediation expense related to the deployment of firmware updates.

Our use of AI and generative AI tools presents risks and challenges that could adversely affect our business and require that we incur substantial costs

We use AI and generative AI tools in certain of our products, services and operations, including customer service, data analytics, product development and code creation. AI is a rapidly evolving and disruptive technology and the long-term implications of its use are still uncertain. We expect that the increasing adoption and use of AI technologies will continue to accelerate and have significant impacts on our business and the industries we serve. Our competitors may incorporate AI more quickly or successfully and our solutions could become less competitive as a result. AI-related laws and regulations in the U.S., EU and a variety of other countries and jurisdictions are rapidly evolving and are subject to significant uncertainty and could impose significant compliance costs, restrict certain AI applications, or require us to alter our AI-related practices.

AI may also produce erroneous or misleading content and outputs that infringe on the intellectual property or data privacy rights of others. Although we take measures to address the accuracy and appropriate use of generative AI content, including through internal policies and training, these efforts may not always be successful. Any failure by our personnel, contractors, or partners to adhere to our policies, or otherwise use AI in an inappropriate manner, could result in violations of confidentiality obligations and laws or regulations, jeopardize our IP rights, or expose our products or business systems to defects and malware, any of which could damage our business and result in reputational, technical, or competitive harm.

Our “over-the-air” transmission of firmware updates could permit a third party to disable our customers’ telematics devices or introduce malware into our customers’ telematics devices, which could expose us to customer claims.

“Over-the-air” transmission of our firmware updates potentially provides the opportunity for a third party to modify or disable our customers’ operating systems or introduce malware into our customers’ operating systems. While no such incidents have occurred to date, there can be no assurance that they will not occur in the future. For example, a third party could attempt to introduce software modifications providing incorrect location data and functionality or the deletion of data. Damage to our customers’ telematics devices as a result of such incidents could only be remedied through direct servicing of their installed telematics devices by trained employees resulting in significant costs, particularly if the incidents were to be widespread. Moreover, such incidents could expose us to various claims by our customers, the outcome of which would be uncertain. Third party interference with our over-the-air transmission of firmware or with our customers’ telematics devices during such processes could have a material adverse effect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Any significant disruption in service on our SaaS platform or in our computer systems, through cybersecurity breaches, computer viruses or otherwise or disruption of our platform, could damage our reputation and result in a loss of customers, which would harm our business and results of operations.

Our brand, reputation, and ability to attract, retain, and serve our customers are dependent upon the reliable performance of our service and our customers’ ability to access our solutions at all times. Our customers rely on our solutions to make operating decisions related to their fleet, as well as to measure, store and analyze valuable data regarding their businesses. Our solutions are vulnerable to interruption and our data centers are vulnerable to damage or interruption from human error, intentional bad acts, computer viruses or hackers, earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, fires, war, terrorist attacks, power losses, hardware failures, systems failures, telecommunications failures, and similar events, any of which could limit our customers’ ability to access our solutions. Prolonged delays or unforeseen difficulties in connection with adding capacity or upgrading our network architecture may cause our service quality to suffer. Any event that significantly disrupts our service or exposes our data to misuse could damage our reputation and harm our business and results of operations, including reducing our revenue, causing us to issue credits to customers, subjecting us to potential liability, increasing our churn rates, or increasing our cost of acquiring new customers.

We host our solutions and serve all of our customers from our network servers, which are principally located at third-party data center facilities in South Africa, Singapore, the Netherlands, United Arab Emirates and France. While we control and have access to our servers and all of the components of our network that are located in our external data centers, we do not control the operation of these facilities. Problems faced by our third-party data centers with the telecommunications network providers with whom we or they contract, or with the systems by which our telecommunications providers allocate capacity among their customers, including us, could adversely affect the experience of our customers. Our third-party data center operators could decide to close their facilities without adequate notice. In addition, any financial difficulties, such as bankruptcy, faced by our third-party data center operators or any of the service providers with whom we or they contract may have negative effects on our business, the nature and extent of which are difficult to predict. Our disaster recovery systems are located at third-party hosting facilities. While we are increasing our back-up capability, our systems have not been tested under actual disaster conditions and may not have sufficient capacity to recover all data and services in the event of an outage. In the event of a disaster in which our disaster recovery systems are irreparably damaged or destroyed, we could experience interruptions in access to our solutions. Any changes in third-party service levels at our data centers or any errors, defects, disruptions, or other performance problems with our solutions could harm our reputation and may damage our data. Interruptions in our services might reduce our revenue, cause us to issue credits or refunds to customers, subject us to potential liability, or harm our customer retention rate. Compliance with the various data protection laws across nations is challenging due to the complex and sometimes contradictory nature of the different regulatory regimes. Because data protection regulations are not uniform among the various nations in which we operate, our ability to transmit consumer information across borders is limited by our ability to comply with conditions and restrictions that vary from country to country. In countries with particularly strict data protection laws, we might not be able to transmit data out of the country at all and may be required to host individual servers in each such country where we collect data.

We have experienced, and may experience in the future, disruptions, outages, and other performance problems due to a variety of factors, including infrastructure changes, introductions of new functionality, human or software errors, capacity constraints due to an overwhelming number of users accessing our solutions and platform capabilities simultaneously, denial of service attacks, or other security-related incidents. It may become increasingly difficult to maintain and improve our performance, especially during peak usage times and as our solutions and platform capabilities become more complex and our user traffic increases. If our solutions and platform capabilities are unavailable or if our users are unable to access our solutions and platform capabilities within a reasonable amount of time or at all, we may experience a loss of customers, lost or delayed market acceptance of our platform and solutions, delays in payment to us by customers, harm to our reputation and brand, legal claims against us, and the diversion of our resources. The systems we rely upon also remain vulnerable to damage or interruption from a number of other factors, including access to the internet, the failure of our network or software systems, or significant variability in visitor traffic on our product websites, earthquakes, floods, fires, power loss, telecommunication failures, computer viruses, human error and similar events or disruptions. Some of our systems are not fully redundant and our disaster recovery planning is not sufficient for all eventualities. Our systems are also subject to intentional acts of vandalism. Despite any precautions we may take, the occurrence of a natural disaster, a decision by any of our third-party hosting providers to close a facility we use without adequate notice for financial or other reasons, or other unanticipated problems at our hosting facilities could cause system interruptions and delays, and result in loss of critical data and lengthy interruptions in our services.

In addition, to the extent that we do not effectively address capacity constraints, upgrade our systems as needed and continually develop our technology and network architecture to accommodate actual and anticipated changes in technology, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

Cybersecurity incidents are increasing in frequency and evolving in nature and include, but are not limited to, installation of malicious software, unauthorized access to data and other electronic security breaches that could lead to disruptions in systems, unauthorized release of confidential or otherwise protected information and the corruption of data. Given the unpredictability of the timing, nature and scope of information technology disruptions, there can be no assurance that the procedures and controls we employ will be sufficient to prevent security breaches from occurring and we could be subject to manipulation or improper use of our systems and networks or financial losses from remedial actions, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Security or privacy breaches in our electronic transactions or data may expose us to additional liability or result in a loss of customers, either of which events could harm our business.

Use of our solutions involve the storage, transmission and processing of our customers’ proprietary data, including potentially personal or identifying information. We may experience data security breaches or unauthorized disclosures of personal, confidential or proprietary information. Any inability on our part to protect the information security of our SaaS platform or the privacy of confidential information could have a material adverse effect on our profitability by exposing us to additional liability, increasing our expenses relating to resolution of these breaches and deterring users from using our solutions. Further, unauthorized access to, or security breaches of, our solutions could result in the loss, compromise or corruption of data, loss of business, severe reputational damage adversely affecting customer or investor confidence, regulatory investigations and orders, litigation, indemnity obligations, damages for contract breach, penalties for violation of applicable laws or regulations, significant costs for remediation and other liabilities. For example, under the GDPR, substantial penalties for failure to comply with the regulations can be imposed, including a fine of up to €20 million or up to 4% of the annual worldwide turnover, whichever is greater. We have incurred and expect to incur significant expenses to prevent security breaches and achieve compliance with all applicable laws and regulations including the GDPR, such as deploying additional employees and protection technologies, training employees, and engaging third-party experts and consultants. Our errors and omissions insurance coverage mitigating certain security and privacy damages and claim expenses may not be sufficient to compensate for all liabilities we may incur.

In addition, our and our third-party vendors’ systems, operations and information technology systems are vulnerable to damage or interruption from human error, physical break- ins, unauthorized access, computer hackers, computer viruses, worms, malicious applications, distributed denial of service attacks, spurious spam attacks, intentional acts of vandalism and similar events. The availability and use of AI-enabled technologies also increase the sophistication and threat posed to information technology systems. We cannot guarantee that our current security methods and measures will effectively counter evolving security risks, prevent future slowdowns or disruptions, protect against extraordinary attacks while addressing the security and privacy requirements of existing and future users. Any physical or electronic break-in or other security breach or compromise of the information handled by us or our service providers may jeopardize the security or integrity of information in our computer systems and networks or those of our customers and cause significant interruptions in our and our customers’ operations. Although we have developed systems and processes that are designed to protect customer information and prevent data loss and other security breaches, including systems and processes designed to reduce the impact of a security breach at a third-party vendor, such measures cannot provide absolute security. It is also possible that, despite existing safeguards, our employees could misappropriate our customers’ proprietary information or data, exposing us to a risk of loss or litigation and possible liability. Customers and other end-users who rely on our solutions for applications that are integral to their businesses may have a greater sensitivity to security vulnerabilities than customers for software solutions generally. Any such access, breach, or other loss of information could result in legal claims or proceedings, liability under applicable federal or state laws and regulatory penalties. Under certain applicable law, notice of breaches must be made to affected individuals, and for extensive breaches, notice may need to be made to the media or state attorneys general. Such a notice could harm our reputation and our ability to compete. Unauthorized access, loss, or dissemination could also damage our reputation or disrupt our operations, including our ability to conduct our analyses, deliver results, provide customer assistance, conduct research and development activities, collect, process, and prepare company financial information, and manage the administrative aspects of our business. Further, any system failures, slowdowns or disruptions will likely result in unanticipated disruptions in service to our users, decreased levels of user satisfaction and significant negative effects on our reputation, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We rely on third-party encryption and authentication technology to provide secure transmission of confidential information over the Internet, including customer bank account numbers. Advances in technological capabilities, new discoveries in the field of cryptography or other events or developments could result in a compromise or breach of the technology we use to protect sensitive transaction data. If we are unable to detect and prevent unauthorized use of bank account numbers, our business could suffer. If any such compromise of our security, or the security of our customers, were to occur, it could result in misappropriation of proprietary information or interruptions in operations and have a material adverse effect on our reputation or the reputation of our customers.

If our SaaS platform does not comply with quality standards set forth under our subscription agreements or we breach our obligations under our subscription agreements, our subscribers may assert claims for reduced payments or seek damages from us.

Under our subscription contracts, we typically provide certain representations and warranties to our subscribers, including, among others, that we have not knowingly incorporated any intellectual property which infringes the rights of any third-party, the software being delivered has been developed as per the specifications provided and is free from any patent defects and services will be provided with reasonable care.

In the case of any breach of these representations and warranties, we would be required to take certain remedial steps, including: modifying the solution, defending our subscribers in any litigation arising from an intellectual property rights infringement claim by a third-party, providing functionally equivalent replacements to the subscribers, rectifying the defect and indemnifying our subscribers for any direct losses arising from such a breach of representations and warranties.

Such steps may involve significant monetary costs and management time. Any inability to predict our performance and measure our productivity would further compound these risks and expose us to additional liabilities. Our subscribers could seek significant compensation from us for the losses they suffer. Although our subscription agreements typically contain provisions designed to limit our exposure to product liability claims, existing or future laws or unfavorable judicial decisions could negate these limitations. Even if not successful, a product liability claim brought against us would likely be time-consuming, costly and could seriously damage our reputation in the marketplace, making it harder for us to sell our solutions.

An assertion by a third party that we are infringing on its intellectual property could subject us to costly and time-consuming litigation or expensive licenses and our business could be harmed.

The industries in which we operate are characterized by the existence of entities, including leading companies, competitors, patent holding companies and non-practicing entities that hold a large number of patents, copyrights, trademarks and trade secrets. Further, the industries are characterized by frequent litigation based on allegations of infringement or other violations of intellectual property rights. Such entities may assert patent, copyright, trademark or other intellectual property claims against us, our customers and partners, and those from whom we license technology and intellectual property. Much of this litigation involves patent holding companies or other adverse patent owners who have no relevant product revenues of their own. We do not have a patent portfolio of our own and even if we did, a patent portfolio may provide little or no deterrence to such patent holding companies or non-practicing entities.

Legal proceedings involving intellectual property rights are highly uncertain, and can involve complex legal and scientific questions. We cannot assure you that we will prevail in any current or future intellectual property infringement or other litigation given the complex technical issues and inherent uncertainties in such litigation. Defending such claims, regardless of their merit, could be time-consuming and distracting to management, result in costly litigation or settlement, cause development delays, or require us to enter into royalty or licensing agreements. Insurance may not cover or be insufficient for any such claim. In addition, we could be obligated to indemnify our customers against third parties’ claims of intellectual property infringement based on our solutions. If our solutions violate any third-party intellectual property rights, we could be required to withdraw those solutions from the market, re-develop those solutions or seek to obtain licenses from third parties, which might not be available on reasonable terms or at all. Any efforts to re-develop our solutions, obtain licenses from third parties on favorable terms or license a substitute technology might not be successful and, in any case, might substantially increase our costs and harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. Withdrawal of any of our solutions from the market could also harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. Further, we may not have the ability to terminate or amend our supplier contracts in connection with such solutions being withdrawn from the market, nor may we have recourse through representations, warranties, indemnification provisions or otherwise in such supplier contracts.

In addition, we incorporate open-source software into our platform. Given the nature of open-source software, third parties might assert copyright and other intellectual property infringement claims against us based on our use of certain open-source software programs, particularly in the United States. The terms of many open-source licenses to which we are subject have not been interpreted by U.S. courts or courts of other jurisdictions, and there is a risk that those licenses could be construed in a manner that imposes unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our ability to commercialize our solutions. In that event, we could be required to seek licenses from third parties in order to continue offering our solutions, to re-develop our solutions, to discontinue sales of our solutions, or to release our proprietary software source code under the terms of an open-source license, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

If we are unable to protect our intellectual property and proprietary technologies, our business may be adversely affected.

Our future success and competitive position depend in large part on our ability to protect our intellectual property and proprietary technologies. We rely on a combination of trademark, copyright, and trade secret laws, as well as confidentiality procedures and contractual restrictions, to establish and protect our intellectual property rights, all of which provide only limited protection and may not currently or in the future provide us with a competitive advantage.

We enter into confidentiality agreements with our employees, independent contractors and other individual advisors and enter into confidentiality agreements with licensees and other third parties, including suppliers and partners. We have not entered into invention assignment agreements with licensees and third parties. However, we cannot guarantee that we have entered into such agreements with each party that has or may have had access to our proprietary information, know-how and trade secrets. Moreover, no assurances can be given that these agreements effectively prevent access to, distribution, use, misuse, misappropriation, reverse engineering or disclosure of confidential or proprietary information. Further, these agreements may not provide adequate remedy in the event of unauthorized disclosure of confidential or proprietary information. In addition, others may independently discover our trade secrets or develop similar technologies and processes, and, in either event we would not be able to assert trade secret rights.

We also rely to a limited extent on trademark and copyright law. We have no patents or patent applications. We cannot make any assurances that any future trademark registrations will be issued for pending or future applications or that any registered trademarks will be enforceable or provide adequate protection of our proprietary rights. Intellectual property rights protection is territorial in nature and therefore, successfully obtaining intellectual property rights protection in one jurisdiction may not necessarily provide protection in another jurisdiction. For example, while we have obtained certain registered trademarks in South Africa, Namibia, Nigeria and Tanzania, we have not obtained registered trademarks in all of the jurisdictions in which we operate or plan to operate. Accordingly, we rely primarily on common law or unregistered rights in such jurisdictions, which may not provide the same scope of protection as registered trademarks and may be insufficient for our business. In addition, third-parties have filed, and may in the future file, for registration of trademarks similar or identical to our trademarks, thereby impeding our ability to build brand identity and possibly leading to market confusion. In addition, there could be potential trade name or trademark infringement claims brought by owners of other registered trademarks or trademarks that incorporate variations of our registered or unregistered trademarks or trade names.

We cannot guarantee that any patents or trademarks will issue from any future patent or trademark applications, that any patents or trademarks that issue from such applications will give us the protection that we seek, or that any such patents or trademarks will not be challenged, invalidated, or circumvented. Any patents or trademarks that may be issued in the future from future patent and trademark applications may not provide sufficiently broad protection and may not be enforceable in actions against alleged infringers.

Even upon intellectual property rights registration, there is no certainty that our intellectual property rights will provide us with substantial protection or commercial benefit. Despite our efforts to protect our intellectual property, some of our innovations may not be protectable, and our intellectual property rights may offer insufficient protection from competition or unauthorized use, lapse or expire, be challenged, narrowed, invalidated, or misappropriated by third parties, or be deemed unenforceable or abandoned, which, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects and the legal remedies available to us may not adequately compensate us.

We cannot guarantee that the steps we take will be adequate to protect our technologies and intellectual property, that any patent and trademark applications will lead to issued patents or registered trademarks, that others will not develop or patent similar or superior technologies or solutions, or that our trademarks and other intellectual property will not be challenged, invalidated, or circumvented by others. Furthermore, effective patent, trademark, copyright, and trade secret protection may not be available in every country in which our solutions are available or where we have employees or independent contractors. In addition, the legal standards relating to the validity, enforceability, and scope of protection of intellectual property rights in Internet-related industries are uncertain and still evolving. The steps we have taken and will take may not prevent unauthorized use, reverse engineering, or misappropriation of our technologies and we may not be able to detect any of the foregoing. Defending and enforcing our intellectual property rights may result in litigation, which can be costly and divert management attention and resources. Any such litigation may not be successful even if such rights have been infringed and an adverse decision could limit the scope of such rights. If our efforts to protect our technologies and intellectual property are inadequate, the value of our intangible assets may be diminished and competitors may be able to replicate our solutions and methods of operations. Any of the foregoing events could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Risks Related to Legal Proceedings

We may incur material losses and costs as a result of lawsuits or claims that may be brought against us which are related to product liability, warranty, product recalls, client service interruptions or other matters, and any litigation against us could be costly and time-consuming to defend and could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are exposed to product liability and product warranty claims in the normal course of business, in the event that our solutions actually or allegedly fail to perform as expected, or the use of our solutions results, or is alleged to result, in non-compliance with applicable regulations, bodily injury and/or property damage. Our safety and security services may be disabled or prove to be ineffective as a result of techniques employed by car thieves or the discovery of technological weaknesses by such persons. We could experience material product warranty or product liability costs in the future.

Effective January 24, 2025, our third-party recovery service provider offers a service recovery warranty on certain contracts to our clients, payable in the event that they fail to recover a stolen vehicle and provided the client has met a list of contractual obligations. If the recovery rate for stolen vehicles decreases, our service provider may be subject to an increased number of claims. We may incur considerable costs in relation to future litigation should the service provider fail to honor the service recovery warranty.

If there were a systematic failure of any of our solutions, we could suffer significant damage to our reputation and any product liability insurance we maintain might not be sufficient to prevent us from suffering a material economic loss. While we carry insurance and maintain reserves for product liability claims, we have not established a liability reserve under these warranties. Our insurance coverage may be inadequate if such claims do arise, and any defense costs and liability not covered by insurance could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flow. A future claim could involve the imposition of punitive damages, the award of which, pursuant to local laws, may not be covered by insurance. In addition, warranty and certain other claims are not typically covered by insurance. Any product liability or warranty issues may adversely impact our reputation as a manufacturer of high-quality, effective and safe solutions and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Furthermore, we have in the past and may in the future become subject to legal proceedings and claims that arise in the ordinary course of business, such as claims brought by our clients or vendors in connection with commercial disputes or employment claims made by our current or former employees. Internal fraud, which may include the stealing and dissemination of customers’ personally identifiable information, may also create significant customer distrust and result in litigation against us. Actions taken by third-party security officers involved in SVR operations as part of our services may also result in legal proceedings and claims which could then result in reputational harm to us or criminal and/or civil liability, including monetary damages or other penalties. See “Risk Factors— Risks Relating to Our Reliance on Third Parties—The conduct of third-party security officers engaged in SVR operations in support of our services from time to time involves the use of force, which could expose the Company to reputational harm or, potentially, civil and/or criminal liability.”

We are unable to predict the outcome of such legal proceedings. Such proceedings might result in substantial costs, regardless of the outcome, and may divert management’s attention and resources, which might seriously harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. Insurance might not cover such claims, might not provide sufficient payments to cover all the costs to resolve one or more such claims, and might not continue to be available on terms acceptable to us. A claim brought against us that is uninsured or underinsured could result in unanticipated costs, potentially resulting in a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Risks Relating to Our Operations in South Africa and Other Emerging Markets

We conduct a material amount of our business in foreign currencies, which heightens our exposure to the risk of exchange rate fluctuations.

We are subject to fluctuations in foreign exchange rates between the South African rand, our reporting currency, and currencies of other countries where we market our solutions or source our raw components, for example the Euro, Thai baht, the Singapore dollar, Polish zloty and U.S. dollar. Such fluctuations may result in significant increases or decreases in our reported revenue and other results as expressed in South African rand, and in the reported value of our assets, liabilities and cash flows. In addition, currency fluctuation may adversely affect receivables, payables, debt, firm commitments and forecast transactions denominated in foreign currencies. In particular, translation risks arise where parts of the cost of revenue are not denominated in the same currency of such sales. The U.S. dollar/South African rand exchange rates have historically been volatile and we expect this volatility to continue. Fluctuation in exchange rates, depreciation of local currencies, changes in monetary and/or fiscal policy or inflation in the countries in which we operate could negatively impact the prices at which the ordinary shares trade and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Exchange controls may restrict the ability of our subsidiaries to convert or transfer sums in foreign currencies.

Our ability to generate operating cash flows at the holding company level depends on the ability of our subsidiaries, including Cartrack Holdings Proprietary Limited, to upstream funds. In particular, companies operating in South Africa are subject to exchange control limitations. Exchange controls in South Africa are administered by the South African Reserve Bank (“SARB”) pursuant to the Exchange Control Regulations, 1961, as amended, which regulates transactions between South African residents and non-residents. While exchange controls have been relaxed in recent years and may continue to be relaxed, South African companies remain subject to restrictions on their ability to export capital outside of the Common Monetary Area, which includes South Africa, Namibia, Lesotho and Eswatini. In addition, as the cash flows of certain countries are highly dependent on the export of certain raw materials, the ability to convert such currencies can be limited by the timing of payments for such exports, which may require us to organize our currency conversions around such constraints. These restrictions may affect the manner in which we finance our transactions outside South Africa and the geographic distribution of our debt.

We can offer no assurance that additional restrictions on currency exchange will not be implemented in the future or that these restrictions will not limit the ability of our subsidiaries to transfer cash to us, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

The markets in which we operate are exposed to high inflation and interest rates which could increase our operating costs and thereby reduce our profitability.

The economies of countries in which we operate, including South Africa, Mozambique, Tanzania and Kenya in the past have been, and in the future may continue to be, characterized by rates of inflation and interest rates that are substantially higher than those prevailing in the United States and other highly developed economies. High rates of inflation could increase our costs in such regions and decrease our operating margins. In particular, the inflation rate in South Africa, where we have significant operations, is relatively high compared to developed, industrialized countries. As at February 2025, the annual CPI stood at 3.2% compared to 5.6% in February 2024. Inflation in South Africa generally results in an increase in our operational costs in rand. Higher and sustained inflation in the future, with a consequent increase in operational costs could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and our financial condition and could result in operations being discontinued or reduced or rationalized, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Although higher interest rates would increase the amount of income we earn on our cash balances, they would also adversely affect our ability to obtain cost-effective debt financing in certain countries in which we operate.

The laws and regulations which we are subject to, such as U.S. and other anti-corruption laws, trade controls, economic sanctions and similar laws and regulations in the jurisdictions which we operate, are complex and the regulatory and political regimes under which we operate are volatile. Our failure to comply with the relevant laws, regulations, executive orders and directives could subject us to civil, criminal and administrative penalties and harm our reputation.

Doing business on a worldwide basis requires us to comply with the laws and regulations of various foreign jurisdictions, including those not specifically related to our industry. These laws, regulations, executive orders, directives and enforcement priorities place restrictions on our operations, trade practices, partners and investment decisions. In particular, our operations are subject to U.S. and foreign anti-corruption and trade control laws and regulations, such as the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (the “FCPA”), export controls and economic sanctions programs, including those administered by the U.S. Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (“OFAC”). As a result of doing business in foreign countries and with foreign partners, we are exposed to a heightened risk of violating anti-corruption and trade control laws and sanctions regulations.

The FCPA prohibits us from providing anything of value to foreign officials for the purposes of obtaining or retaining business or securing any improper business advantage. It also requires us to keep books and records that accurately and fairly reflect our transactions. As part of our business, we may deal with state-owned business enterprises, the employees of which are considered foreign officials for purposes of the FCPA. In addition, the United Kingdom Bribery Act (the “Bribery Act”) extends beyond bribery of foreign public officials and also apply to transactions with individuals not employed by a government. The provisions of the Bribery Act are also more onerous than the FCPA in a number of other respects, including jurisdiction, non- exemption of facilitation payments and penalties. Some of the international locations in which we operate lack a developed legal system and have higher than normal levels of corruption.

Economic sanctions programs restrict our business dealings with certain sanctioned countries, persons and entities, such as Zimbabwe, a country in which we have a licensee.

Violations of anti-corruption and trade control laws and sanctions regulations are punishable by civil penalties, including fines, denial of export privileges, injunctions, asset seizures, debarment from government contracts and revocations or restrictions of licenses, as well as criminal fines and imprisonment. We have established policies and procedures designed to assist our compliance with applicable U.S. and international anti-corruption and trade control laws and regulations, including the FCPA, the Bribery Act and trade controls and sanctions programs administered by OFAC, and have trained our employees to comply with these laws and regulations. However, there can be no assurance that all of our employees, consultants, agents or other associated persons will not take actions in violation of our policies and these laws and regulations, and that our policies and procedures will effectively prevent us from violating these regulations in every transaction in which we may engage or provide a defense to any alleged violation. In particular, we may be held liable for the actions that our local strategic partners take inside or outside of the United States, even though our partners may not be subject to these laws. Such a violation, even if our policies prohibit it, could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our continued international expansion, including in developing countries, and our development of new partnerships and joint venture relationships worldwide, could increase the risk of FCPA, OFAC or Bribery Act violations in the future. Additionally, our software contains encryption technologies, certain types of which are subject to U.S. and foreign export control regulations and, in some foreign countries, restrictions on importation and/or use. Any failure on our part to comply with encryption or other applicable export control requirements could result in financial penalties or other sanctions under the U.S. export regulations, including restrictions on future export activities, which could harm our business and results of operations. Regulatory restrictions could impair our access to technologies needed to improve our solutions and may also limit or reduce the demand for our solutions in certain geographic regions.

Furthermore, we currently market regulated insurance products as an intermediary agent in South Africa through an authorized Financial Services Provider (“FSP”) that is a wholly owned subsidiary of ours. FSPs are subject to a variety of regulations, including the Financial Advisory and Intermediary Services Act, No. 37 of 2002. We may from time to time face challenges resulting from changes in applicable law and regulations in South Africa, or changes in approach to oversight of our business from insurance or other regulators in South Africa.

Additionally, we have to comply with the South African anti-corruption law, the Prevention and Combating of Corrupt Activities Act, No. 12 of 2004, as amended (“PRECCA”). This law prohibits public and private bribery and criminalizes various categories of corrupt activities. PRECCA also contains a reporting obligation to authorities of known or suspected corrupt activities which is triggered when the value of any known or suspected acts of corruption exceeds ZAR 100,000. Failure to report said corrupt activities is a criminal offense under PRECCA and imposes significant penalties on those convicted of corrupt activities. Regulation 43 of the South African Companies Act No. 71 of 2008 (“South African Companies Act”) also contains a number of anti-corruption compliance obligations that we must adhere to.

Although we have policies and procedures in place to comply with financial crime regulation, these policies and procedures may not prevent all situations of money laundering, bribery, fraud or corruption, including actions by our employees, for which we might be held responsible. Any such event may have severe consequences, including sanctions, fines and reputational consequences, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Operating in emerging markets, such as South Africa, subjects us to greater political, economic and market risks than those we would face if we only operated in more developed markets, which could increase our operating costs.

For the financial year ended February 28, 2025, 74% (FY 2024: 75%) of our revenue was derived from South Africa. Emerging markets, including South Africa, are subject to greater risks than more developed markets. The political, economic and market conditions in many emerging markets present risks that could make it more difficult to operate our business successfully. These risks include:

If we are unable to effectively manage these risks, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We have operations in other African and Asian countries, and governments in Africa and Asia have in the past intervened in the economies of their respective countries and occasionally made significant changes in policy and regulations. Governmental actions have often involved, among other measures, nationalizations and expropriations, price controls, currency devaluations, mandatory increases on wages and employee benefits, capital controls, limits on imports and arbitrary interference with private ownership of contract rights. Our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected by changes in government policies or regulations, including such factors as exchange rate and exchange control policies, inflation control policies, price control policies, consumer protection policies, import duties and restrictions, liquidity of domestic capital and lending markets, electricity rationing, tax policies, including tax increases and retroactive tax claims, and other political, diplomatic, social and economic developments in or affecting the countries in which we operate. In the future, the level of intervention by African and Asian governments may continue to increase. It is difficult to predict the future political, economic and market environment in these countries, and these or other measures could have a material adverse effect on the economy of the countries in which we operate and, consequently, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We face the risk of disruption from labor disputes and changes to labor laws, which could result in significant additional operating costs or alter our relationship with our employees.

We are required to comply with extensive labor regulations in each of the countries in which we have employees, including with respect to wages, social security benefits and termination payments. In particular, South African laws relating to labor regulate work time, provide for mandatory compensation in the event of termination of employment for operational reasons, and impose monetary penalties for non-compliance with administrative and reporting requirements in respect of affirmative action policies, could result in significant costs.

Labor legislation in South Africa has stringent requirements in relation to the relationship with employees. For example, under the Labour Relations Amendment Act, No. 66 of 1995 (as amended) (the “LRA”), an employee on a fixed term contract must be permanently employed unless the employer can establish justification for employment on a fixed term basis. The reasons available to an employer for justifying a fixed term contract are limited. Temporary employees are required to be given the same pay and benefits as permanent employees, including pensions and medical insurance coverage. The LRA provides strict penalties for failure to comply with its provisions and in certain instances breach of the legislation amounts to a criminal offense.

Furthermore, the Employment Equity Act, No. 55 of 1998 (as amended) (the “EEA”) creates obligations and administrative requirements in respect of non-discrimination and equity in employment matters. Fines of up to 10% of revenue may be imposed in the event of non-compliance with certain provisions of the EEA.

In addition, future changes to South African legislation and regulations relating to labor may increase our costs or alter our relationship with our employees. Resulting disruptions could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

If we do not achieve applicable black economic empowerment objectives in our South African operations, we risk early termination of certain of our subscription contracts and the loss of the corresponding revenue.

The South African government, through the Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment Act No, 53 of 2003 (as amended), and the codes of good practice and industry charters published pursuant thereto, has established a legislative framework for the promotion of broad-based black economic empowerment, or “B-BBEE”. Achievement of specified B- BBEE objectives is measured by a scorecard which establishes a weighting for the various objectives of B-BBEE, which include procuring goods and services from black-owned businesses (or from businesses that have earned good B-BBEE scores) and achieving certain levels of black South African employment and management participation, which is then translated to an entity’s “contributor level”. Compliance may affect the ability of a company to secure contracts in the public and private sectors in South Africa. We have some customers that require us to maintain specific/specified B-BBEE contributor levels as measured under the Amended Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment Information and Communication Technology Sector Code. We currently maintain a level 8 B-BBEE contributor level.

The government has set, and is in the process of setting, specific equity targets by sector and region, where transformation initiatives have lagged.

Failing to achieve or maintain a specified B-BBEE contributor level could affect our ability to maintain existing customers or to sell to large enterprise customers in South Africa, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Tax regulations and challenges by tax authorities could have a material adverse effect on us and we may be subject to challenges by tax authorities.

We operate in a number of countries and are therefore regularly examined by and remain subject to numerous tax regulations. Changes in our global mix of earnings could affect our effective tax rate.

Furthermore, changes in tax laws could result in higher tax-related expenses and payments. Legislative changes in any of the countries in which our businesses operate could materially impact our tax receivables and liabilities as well as deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities. Additionally, the uncertain tax environment in some regions in which our businesses operate may limit our ability to successfully challenge adverse determination by any local tax authorities. Some of our businesses operate in countries with complex tax rules, which may be interpreted in a variety of ways and could affect our effective tax rate. Future interpretations or developments of tax regimes or a higher than anticipated effective tax rate could have a material adverse effect on our tax liability, return on investments and business operations.

In addition, we and our businesses operate in, are incorporated in and are tax residents of, various jurisdictions. The tax authorities in the various jurisdictions in which we and our businesses operate, or are incorporated, may disagree with and challenge our assessments of our transactions, tax position, deductions, exemptions, where we or our subsidiaries or businesses are tax resident, or other matters. If we, or our businesses, are unsuccessful in responding to any such challenge from a tax authority, we, or our businesses, may be required to pay additional taxes, interest, fines or penalties, we, or our businesses, may be subject to taxes for the same business in more than one jurisdiction or may also be subject to higher tax rates, withholding or other taxes. A successful challenge could potentially result in payments to the relevant tax authority of substantial amounts that could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Even if we, or our businesses, are successful in responding to challenges by taxing authorities, responding to such challenges may be expensive, consume time and other resources, or divert management’s time and focus from our operations or businesses or from the operations of our businesses. Therefore, a challenge as to our, or our businesses’, tax position or status or transactions, even if unsuccessful, may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity of our businesses.

A breach of any of the covenants or other provisions contained in funding facilities could result in an event of default, which could result in amounts outstanding under these facilities becoming immediately due and payable as well as foreclosure by our lenders upon our critical assets.

Our wholly-owned subsidiary, Cartrack (Pty) Ltd, entered into a short-term facility with Capitec Bank Limited and Purple Rain Properties No 444 Proprietary Limited, also a wholly-owned subsidiary, entered into a mortgage bond in favor of First Rand Bank Limited and a short-term facility with The Standard Bank of South Africa Limited. These facilities are more fully described under Item 5.B. “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects - Liquidity and Capital Resources - Loan and Funding Facilities.”

Similarly, Cartrack Portugal, S.A., secured a EUR 2.0 million loan from Banco Comercial Português, S.A.

In the event that we enter into a funding facility with any of our bankers, it is customary for obligations under such credit facility agreement to be guaranteed by one or more of our significant subsidiaries and to be secured by a lien on bank accounts, cash and cash equivalent investments, intellectual property, insurance policies, insurance proceeds and a pledge of the shares of certain of our subsidiaries incorporated in South Africa. A breach of any of these covenants or other provisions of credit facilities could result in an event of default, which if not cured or waived, could result in amounts outstanding under such credit facilities becoming immediately due and payable. In the event that some or all of the amounts outstanding under such credit facilities are accelerated and become immediately due and payable, we may not have the funds to repay, or the ability to refinance, such outstanding amounts under the credit facilities, or our lenders could foreclose upon critical assets, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Changes in practices of insurance companies in the markets in which we provide our solutions could have an adverse effect on demand for products and services.

We depend in part on the practices of insurance companies in some of our markets to support demand for our SaaS platform. For example, in South Africa, which is currently our largest market based on new subscriber additions, insurance companies either mandate the installation of tracking devices as a prerequisite for providing insurance coverage to owners of certain vehicles, or provide insurance premium discounts to encourage vehicle owners to subscribe to vehicle tracking and mobile asset recovery solutions such as ours. We benefit from this continued practice in the South African and certain other markets of:

If any of these policies or practices change, revenues from the sale of our solutions could decline, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Risks Relating to Investments in Singapore Companies

We are incorporated in Singapore, and our shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests than they would as shareholders of a corporation incorporated in the United States.

Our corporate affairs are governed by our constitution and by the laws governing companies incorporated in Singapore. The rights of our shareholders and the responsibilities of the members of our board of directors under Singapore law may be different from those applicable to a corporation incorporated in the United States. Therefore, our public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in connection with actions taken by us, our management, members of our board of directors or our controlling shareholder than they would as shareholders of a corporation incorporated in the United States. For example, controlling shareholders in corporations incorporated in Delaware are subject to fiduciary duties while controlling shareholders in Singapore companies are not subject to such duties.

In addition, only persons who are registered as shareholders in our register of members are recognized under Singapore law as our shareholders. Only registered shareholders have legal standing to institute shareholder actions against us or otherwise seek to enforce their rights as shareholders. Investors in our ordinary shares who are not specifically registered as shareholders in our register of members (for example, where such shareholders hold ordinary shares indirectly through the depository trust company “DTC”) are required to be registered as shareholders in our register of members in order to institute or enforce any legal proceedings or claims against us, our directors or our executive officers relating to shareholder rights. The administrative process of becoming a registered shareholder could result in delays prejudicial to any such legal proceeding or enforcement action. See Exhibit 2.2 “Description of Ordinary Shares—Comparison of Shareholder Rights” for a discussion of certain differences between Singapore and Delaware corporation law.

It may be difficult for you to enforce any judgment obtained in the United States against us, our directors, officers or our affiliates.

A majority of our directors and officers reside outside the United States. In addition, a majority of our assets and the assets of those persons are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult to enforce in the United States any judgment obtained in the United States against us or any of these persons, including judgments based upon the civil liability provisions of the U.S. securities laws. In addition, in original actions brought in courts in jurisdictions located outside the United States, it may be difficult for investors to enforce liabilities based upon U.S. securities laws.

There is no treaty between the United States and Singapore providing for the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters and a final judgment for the payment of money rendered by any federal or state court in the United States based on civil liability, whether or not predicated solely upon the federal securities laws, would, therefore, not be automatically enforceable in Singapore. It is not clear whether a Singapore court may impose civil liability on us or our directors and officers who reside in Singapore in an action brought in the Singapore courts against us or such persons with respect to a violation solely of the federal securities laws of the United States.

In addition, holders of book-entry interests in the ordinary shares (for example, where such shareholders hold ordinary shares indirectly through the DTC) will be required to be registered shareholders as reflected in our register of members in order to have standing to bring a shareholder action and, if successful, to enforce a foreign judgment against us, our directors or our executive officers in the Singapore courts. Any such enforcement action would be subject to applicable Singapore laws. The administrative process of becoming a registered shareholder could result in delays that could be prejudicial to any legal proceeding or enforcement action. In making a determination as to enforceability of a judgment of a state court or a federal court of the United States, the Singapore courts would have regard to, among others, whether the judgment was final and conclusive, given by a court of law of competent jurisdiction, expressed to be for a fixed sum of money, whether it was procured by fraud, or in breach of principles of natural justice, or whether the enforcement thereof would be contrary to public policy.

Accordingly, there can be no assurance that the Singapore courts would enforce against us, our directors or our officers, judgments obtained in the United States which are predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the federal securities laws of the United States.

Subject to the general authority to allot and issue new ordinary shares provided by our shareholders, the Singapore Companies Act and our constitution, our directors may allot and issue new ordinary shares on terms and conditions and for such purposes as may be determined by our board of directors in its sole discretion. Any issuance of new shares would dilute the percentage ownership of existing shareholders and could adversely impact the market price of our ordinary shares.

Under Singapore law, we may only allot and issue new ordinary shares with the prior approval of our shareholders in a general meeting. Subject to the general authority to allot and issue new ordinary shares provided by our shareholders, the provisions of the Singapore Companies Act, and our constitution, we may allot and issue new ordinary shares on such terms and conditions as our directors may think fit to impose. Such terms and conditions may be adverse to the rights of holders of our ordinary shares. Any additional issuances of new ordinary shares could dilute the percentage ownership of our existing shareholders and may adversely impact the market price of our ordinary shares.

Because new issuances of ordinary shares are subject to shareholder approval, if a sufficient number of shares have not been approved for issuance in any given year, we may be delayed in raising capital through equity offerings or delayed or prevented from consummating an acquisition using our ordinary shares.

Assuming shareholders have approved the issuance of new shares, we may seek to raise capital in the future, including to fund acquisitions, future investments and other growth opportunities. We may, for these and other purposes, issue additional ordinary shares or securities convertible into ordinary shares. Any additional issuances of new ordinary shares could dilute the percentage ownership of our existing shareholders and may also adversely impact the market price of our ordinary shares.

We are subject to the laws of Singapore, which differ in certain material respects from the laws of the United States.

As a Singapore-incorporated company, we are required to comply with the laws of Singapore, certain of which are capable of extra-territorial application, as well as our constitution. In particular, we are required to comply with certain provisions of the Securities and Futures Act, Chapter 289 of Singapore, which prohibit certain forms of market conduct and information disclosures, and impose criminal and civil penalties on corporations, directors and officers in respect of any breach of such provisions. In addition, the Singapore Code on Take-Overs and Mergers, or “Singapore Take-Over Code”, which specifies, among other things, certain circumstances in which a general offer is to be made upon a change in control of a Singapore-incorporated public company, and further specifies the manner and price at which voluntary and mandatory general offers are to be made.

The laws of Singapore and of the United States differ in certain significant respects. The rights of our shareholders and the obligations of our directors and officers under Singapore law may be different from those applicable to U.S. corporations, including those incorporated in Delaware, in material respects, and our shareholders may have more difficulty and less clarity in protecting their interests in connection with actions taken by our management, members of our board of directors or our controlling shareholders than would otherwise apply to U.S. corporations, including those incorporated in Delaware. See Exhibit 2.2 “Description of Ordinary Shares—Comparison of Shareholder Rights” for a discussion of certain differences between Singapore and Delaware corporation law.

In addition, the application of Singapore law, in particular, the Singapore Companies Act may, in certain circumstances, impose more restrictions on us, our shareholders, directors and officers than would otherwise be applicable to U.S. corporations, including those incorporated in Delaware. For example, the Singapore Companies Act requires a director to act with a reasonable degree of diligence in the discharge of the duties of his office and, in certain circumstances, imposes criminal liability for specified contraventions of particular statutory requirements or prohibitions. In addition, pursuant to the provisions of the Singapore Companies Act, shareholders holding 10% or more of the total number of paid-up shares as at the date of the deposit carrying the right of voting at general meetings (disregarding paid-up shares held as treasury shares) may by depositing a requisition, require our directors to convene an extraordinary general meeting. If our directors do not within 21 days after the date of deposit of the requisition proceed to convene a meeting, the requisitioning shareholders, or any of them representing more than 50% of the total voting rights represented of all of them, may themselves, proceed to convene such meeting, and we will be liable for the reasonable expenses incurred by such requisitioning shareholders. We are also required by the Singapore Companies Act to deduct corresponding amounts from fees or other remuneration payable by us to such of the directors who are in default.

Singapore take-over laws contain provisions that may vary from those in other jurisdictions.

The Singapore Take-Over Code applies to, among others, corporations with a primary listing of their equity securities in Singapore. While the Singapore Take-Over Code is drafted with, among others, listed public companies in mind, unlisted public companies with more than 50 (fifty) shareholders and net tangible assets of S$5.0 million or more, must also observe the letter and spirit of the general principles and rules of the Singapore Take-Over Code, wherever this is possible and appropriate. Public companies with a primary listing overseas may apply to Securities Industry Council (“SIC”) to waive the application of the Singapore Take-Over Code. As at the date of this annual report, no application has been made to SIC to waive the application of the Singapore Take-Over Code in relation to us.

In this regard, the Singapore Take-Over Code contains certain provisions that may possibly delay, deter or prevent a future take-over or change in control of us. Under the Singapore Take-Over Code, except with the consent of SIC, any person acquiring an interest, whether by a series of transactions over a period of time or not, either on his own or together with parties acting in concert with him, in 30% or more of our voting shares is required to extend a take-over offer for all remaining voting shares in accordance with the procedural and other requirements under the Singapore Take-Over Code.

Except with the consent of SIC, such a take-over offer is also required to be made if a person holding between 30% and 50% (both inclusive) of our voting shares, either on his own or together with parties acting in concert with him, acquires additional voting shares representing more than 1% of our voting shares in any six-month period. While the Singapore Take-Over Code seeks to ensure an equality of treatment among shareholders in take-over or merger situations, its provisions could substantially impede the ability of the shareholders to benefit from a change of control and, as a result, may adversely affect the market price of the ordinary shares and the ability to realize any benefit from a potential change of control.

Risks Relating to Our Ordinary Shares

Our stock price may fluctuate and you could lose all or a significant part of your investment.

The market price of our ordinary shares may be influenced by many factors, some of which are beyond our control, including:

In addition, the stock market in general has experienced substantial price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of the particular companies affected. These broad market and industry factors may materially harm the market price of our ordinary shares, regardless of our operating performance. In the past, following periods of volatility in the market price of certain companies’ securities, securities class action litigation has been instituted against these companies. This type of litigation, if instituted against us, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The ordinary shares are traded on more than one stock exchange and this may result in price variations between the markets.

The ordinary shares are listed on each of the Nasdaq and the JSE. Trading in the ordinary shares therefore will take place in different currencies (U.S. dollars on the Nasdaq and South African Rand on the JSE), and at different times (resulting from different time zones, different trading days and different public holidays in the United States and South Africa). The trading prices of the ordinary shares on these two markets may differ as a result of these, or other, factors. Any decrease in the price of ordinary shares on either one of these markets could cause a decrease in the trading prices of ordinary shares on the other market.

Sales of substantial amounts of our ordinary shares in the public market, or the perception that these sales may occur, could cause the market price of our ordinary shares to decline.

Sales of substantial amounts of our ordinary shares in the public market, or the perception that these sales may occur, could cause the market price of our ordinary shares to decline. This could also impair our ability to raise additional capital through the sale of our equity securities. We are authorized to issue an unlimited number of shares as there is no concept of authorized share capital under Singapore law. Moreover, we have entered into a registration rights agreement pursuant to which we have granted demand and piggyback registration rights to our Chief Executive Officer, Isaias (Zak) Jose Calisto.

Although we have paid dividends in the past, our ability to pay dividends in the future depends on many factors and we cannot guarantee you that we will continue to pay dividends in the future.

The payment and timing of dividends in cash or other distributions (such as a return of capital to shareholders through share buy-backs, for example) are determined by the board after considering factors that include: earnings and Free Cash Flow; current and anticipated capital requirements; economic conditions; contractual, legal, tax and regulatory restrictions (including covenants contained in any financing agreements); the ability of Group subsidiaries to distribute funds to Karooooo; and such other factors the board may deem relevant. We aim to reinvest retained earnings to the extent that it aligns with the Group’s required return on incrementally reinvested capital, return on equity, and short- to medium-term growth strategy. The board may, by ordinary resolution, declare dividends at a general meeting of its shareholders, but no dividend shall be payable except out of our profits, and the amount of any such dividend shall not exceed the amount recommended by the board of directors. Subject to Karooooo’s constitution and in accordance with the Singapore Companies Act, the board of directors may, without the approval of shareholders, declare and pay interim dividends, but any final dividends the board declares must be approved by an ordinary resolution at a general meeting of shareholders.

We cannot provide assurances regarding the amount or timing of dividend payments and may decide not to pay dividends in the future. As a result, you should not rely on an investment in our ordinary shares to provide dividend income and if we do not pay dividends, capital appreciation, if any, of our ordinary shares will be a shareholder’s sole source of gain in the near future. See “Dividends and Dividend Policy.”

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research, or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research, about our business, the price of our ordinary shares and our trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our ordinary shares will depend in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. Securities and industry analysts do not currently, and may never, publish research on our company. If no or too few securities or industry analysts commence coverage of our company, the trading price for our ordinary shares would likely be negatively affected. In the event securities or industry analysts initiate coverage, if one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our ordinary shares or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, the price of our ordinary shares would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of our company or fail to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our ordinary shares could decrease, which might cause the price of our ordinary shares and trading volume to decline.

Requirements associated with being a public company in the United States require significant company resources and management attention.

As a U.S. public company, we incur significant additional legal, accounting, reporting, compliance and other expenses as a result of having publicly traded ordinary shares in the United States. We also incur costs including, but not limited to, costs and expenses for directors’ fees, increased directors and officers insurance, investor relations, and various other costs relating to being a public company registered in the United States.

We also incur costs associated with United States corporate governance requirements, including requirements under SOX, as well as rules implemented by the SEC, Nasdaq and the JSE. These rules and regulations increase our legal and financial compliance costs and make some management and corporate governance activities more time-consuming and costly, particularly after we are no longer an “emerging growth company.” These rules and regulations make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and we may be required to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage. This could have an adverse impact on our ability to recruit and retain a qualified independent board.

Our senior management and other employees have devoted, and will need to continue to devote, a substantial amount of time and attention away from revenue producing activities to management and administrative oversight, adversely affecting our ability to attract and complete business opportunities and increasing the difficulty in both retaining professionals and managing and growing our businesses. Furthermore, new rules and regulations relating to disclosure, financial reporting and controls and corporate governance, or varying interpretations of existing rules and regulations, could be adopted by the SEC, Nasdaq or other regulatory bodies and exchange entities from time to time, and could result in a significant increase in legal, accounting and compliance costs and make certain activities more time-consuming and costly. Any of these effects could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

For as long as we are an “emerging growth company” under the JOBS Act, our independent registered public accounting firm will not be required to attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404 of SOX. We could be an emerging growth company for up to five years from our IPO. See “Summary— Implications of Being an Emerging Growth Company,” below.

Furthermore, after the date we are no longer an emerging growth company, our independent registered public accounting firm will only be required to attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting depending on our market capitalization. Even if our management concludes that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, our independent registered public accounting firm may still decline to attest to our management’s assessment or may issue an adverse opinion report if it is not satisfied with our controls or the level at which our controls are documented, designed, operated or reviewed, or if it interprets the relevant requirements differently from us. In addition, in connection with the implementation of the necessary procedures and practices related to internal control over financial reporting, we may identify deficiencies that we may not be able to remediate in time to meet the deadline imposed by SOX for compliance with the requirements of Section 404(b). Failure to comply with Section 404(b) could subject us to regulatory scrutiny and sanctions, impair our ability to raise capital, cause investors to lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports and negatively affect our share price.

As a foreign private issuer and “controlled company” within the meaning of the Nasdaq rules, we are permitted to, and we will, rely on exemptions from certain corporate governance standards. Our reliance on such exemptions may afford less protection to holders of our ordinary shares.

Nasdaq’s corporate governance rules require listed companies to have, among other things, a majority of independent directors and independent director oversight of executive compensation, nomination of directors and corporate governance matters. As a foreign private issuer, we are permitted to, and we will, follow home country practice in lieu of the above requirements. While a majority of the directors on our board of directors are independent directors and all of our board committees consist entirely of independent directors, as long as we rely on the foreign private issuer exemption to certain of the Nasdaq corporate governance standards, a majority of the directors on our board of directors are not required to be independent directors, and that certain of our board committees do not have to consist entirely of independent directors. Therefore, to the extent we rely on such exemptions in the future, our board of directors’ approach to governance may be different from that of a board of directors consisting of a majority of independent directors, and, as a result, the management oversight of our company may be more limited than if we were subject to all of the Nasdaq corporate governance standards.

In the event we no longer qualify as a foreign private issuer, we intend to rely on the “controlled company” exemption under the Nasdaq corporate governance rules. A “controlled company” under the Nasdaq corporate governance rules is a company of which more than 50% of the voting power is held by an individual, group or another company. Our controlling shareholder controls a majority of the combined voting power of our outstanding ordinary shares, making us a “controlled company” within the meaning of the Nasdaq corporate governance rules. As a controlled company, we would be eligible to elect not to comply with certain of the Nasdaq corporate governance standards, including the requirement that a majority of directors on our board of directors are independent directors and that certain of our board committees consist entirely of independent directors. We may utilize some of these exemptions.

Accordingly, our shareholders will not have the same protection afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to all of the Nasdaq corporate governance standards, and the ability of our independent directors to influence our business policies and affairs may be reduced.

If we fail, for any reason, to effectively or efficiently maintain proper internal control procedures, such failure could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Section 404(a) of SOX, requires that management assess and report annually on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting and identify any material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. Although Section 404(b) of SOX, requires our independent registered public accounting firm to issue an annual report that addresses the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, we have opted to rely on the exemptions provided in the JOBS Act, and consequently will not be required to comply with U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) rules that implement Section 404(b) until such time as we are no longer an EGC.

If it is determined that we are not in compliance with Section 404(a), we will be required to implement new internal control procedures and re-evaluate our financial reporting. We may experience higher than anticipated operating expenses as well as outside auditor fees during the implementation of these changes and thereafter. We may need to hire additional qualified employees in order for us to maintain compliance with Section 404. During the course of documenting and testing our internal control procedures, in order to satisfy the requirements of Section 404(a), we may identify weaknesses and deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting. For example, as part of these procedures, we noted that material weaknesses were identified in relation to privileged user access and change management controls relating to certain of our systems as well as journal processing control in one of our subsidiaries as at February 28, 2025. See Item 15. “Controls and Procedures.” If we fail, for any reason, to implement these changes effectively or efficiently, such failure could harm our operations, financial reporting or financial results and the trading price of our ordinary shares, expose us to increased risk of fraud or misuse of corporate assets, subject us to regulatory investigations and civil or criminal sanctions and could result in our conclusion that our internal control over financial reporting is not effective.

Insiders have substantial control over us and may have interests that are different from the interests of our other shareholders.

Certain of our major shareholders may have interests that are different from, or are in addition to, the interests of our other shareholders. In particular, our Chief Executive Officer and certain of his affiliates may be deemed to beneficially own approximately 73.48 % of outstanding shares as at May 9, 2025. For so long as such shareholders continue to own a significant percentage of our ordinary shares, they will be able to significantly influence the composition of our board of directors and the approval of actions requiring shareholder approval through their voting power. Additionally, as a consequence of our “staggered” board of directors, as further described in Item 6.C. “Board Practices—Board Composition,” only a minority of the board of directors will be considered for election at any annual meeting and such shareholders, because of their ownership position, will have considerable influence regarding the outcome of the election. Accordingly, for such period of time, they will have significant influence with respect to our management, business plans and policies, including the appointment and removal of our officers. In particular, for so long as such shareholders continue to own a significant percentage of our ordinary shares, they may be able to cause or prevent a change of control of our company and could preclude any unsolicited acquisition of our company. The concentration of ownership could deprive other shareholders of an opportunity to receive a premium for their ordinary shares as part of a sale of our company and ultimately might affect the market price of our ordinary shares.

We may lose our foreign private issuer status which would then require us to comply with the Exchange Act’s domestic reporting regime and cause us to incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses.

In order to maintain our current status as a foreign private issuer, either (a) more than 50% of our outstanding voting securities must be either directly or indirectly owned of record by non-residents of the United States or (b) if more than 50% of our outstanding voting securities are owned either directly or indirectly owned of record by residents of the United States, (i) a majority of our executive officers or directors may not be U.S. citizens or residents, (ii) more than 50% of our assets cannot be located in the United States and (iii) our business must be administered principally outside the United States. If we lose this status, we would be required to comply with the Exchange Act reporting and other requirements applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, which are more detailed and extensive than the requirements for foreign private issuers. We would be required under current SEC rules to prepare our financial statements in accordance with GAAP, rather than IFRS, and modify certain of our policies to comply with corporate governance practices associated with U.S. domestic issuers. Such conversion of our financial statements to GAAP would involve significant time and cost. We may also be required to make changes in our corporate governance practices in accordance with various SEC and Nasdaq rules. The regulatory and compliance costs to us under U.S. securities laws if we are required to comply with the reporting requirements applicable to a U.S. domestic issuer may be significantly higher than the costs we will incur as a foreign private issuer.

We are an “emerging growth company” and we cannot be certain if the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to emerging growth companies will make our ordinary shares less attractive to investors.

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the JOBS Act, and we intend to take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not “emerging growth companies” including, but not limited to, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404(b) of SOX. We cannot predict if investors will find our ordinary shares less attractive because we will rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our ordinary shares less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our ordinary shares and our share price may be more volatile.

There can be no assurance that we will not be a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for any taxable year, which could result in adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. investors in our ordinary shares.

In general, a non-U.S. corporation is a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes for any taxable year in which (i) 50% or more of the value of its assets (generally determined based on the average of the quarterly values of its gross assets) consists of assets that produce, or are held for the production of, passive income, or (ii) 75% or more of its gross income consists of passive income. For purposes of the above calculations, a non-U.S. corporation that owns, directly or indirectly, at least 25% by value of the shares of another corporation is treated as if it held its proportionate share of the assets of the other corporation and received directly its proportionate share of the income of the other corporation. Passive income generally includes dividends, interest, certain rents and royalties and gains from the sale or exchange of investment property. Cash is generally a passive asset for these purposes. Goodwill and other intangible assets are generally characterized as active assets to the extent they are associated with business activities that produce active income.

Based on the composition of our income and assets and the value of our assets, including the estimated value of our goodwill and other intangible assets, we believe that we were not a PFIC for our taxable year ended February 28, 2025. However, our PFIC status for any taxable year is an annual factual determination that can be made only after the end of that year, and depends on the composition of our income and assets and the value of our assets from time to time (including the value of our goodwill and other intangible assets, which may be determined in part by reference to the market price of the ordinary shares, which has been, and could continue to be, volatile). We hold a significant amount of cash and cash equivalents and our PFIC status for any taxable year may also depend on how, and how quickly, we use them. Because the value of our goodwill and other intangible assets may be determined by reference to our market capitalization, we could become a PFIC for any taxable year if the price of our ordinary shares declines significantly while we hold a substantial amount of cash, cash equivalents and financial investments. In addition, the application of the PFIC rules is subject to certain uncertainties and the proper characterization of some of our income and assets is not entirely clear. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that we will not be a PFIC for our current or any future taxable year. If we were a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. taxpayer owned ordinary shares, the U.S. taxpayer generally would be subject to adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences, including increased tax liability on disposition gains and “excess distributions” and additional reporting requirements. See “Tax Considerations—Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations—Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules.”

Under certain attribution rules, our non-U.S. subsidiaries are expected to be treated as controlled foreign corporations for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and, as a result, there could be adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. investors that own our shares (directly or indirectly) and are treated as “Ten Percent

Shareholders.”

Certain “Ten Percent Shareholders” (as defined below) in a non-U.S. corporation that is a controlled foreign corporation (a “CFC”) for U.S. federal income tax purposes generally are required to include in income for U.S. federal income tax purposes their pro rata share of the CFC’s “Subpart F income,” investment of earnings in U.S. property and “global intangible low taxed income,” even if the CFC has made no distributions to its shareholders. A non-U.S. corporation generally will be a CFC for U.S. federal income tax purposes if Ten Percent Shareholders own, directly, indirectly or constructively (through attribution), more than 50% of either the total combined voting power of all classes of stock of such corporation entitled to vote or of the total value of the stock of such corporation. A “Ten Percent Shareholder” is a United States person (as defined by the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended) that owns directly or indirectly, or is considered to own constructively, 10% or more of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock entitled to vote of such corporation or 10% or more of the total value of the stock of such corporation. We believe we are not a CFC. However, the determination of CFC status is complex and includes certain “downward attribution” rules pursuant to which our non-U.S. subsidiaries are expected to be treated as constructively controlled by our U.S. subsidiary and therefore our non-U.S. subsidiaries are expected to be treated as CFCs. We do not intend to provide information to Ten Percent Shareholders that may be required in order for those shareholders to properly report their U.S. taxable income with respect to our or our subsidiaries’ operation.

Item 4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY

We were founded in 2001 in South Africa with an initial focus on SVR services in the region. We have strategically grown our business and are now a global provider of a leading operations management SaaS platform. Through our cloud platform, we empower businesses to conquer operations including fleet maintenance, fuel management and asset utilization, workforce management, logistics, safety, compliance, risk and environmental impact. Our differentiated insights and analytics simplify day-to-day operations and enable businesses to decrease costs, increase efficiency, improve safety and strengthen workforce and customer satisfaction.

In 2020, we moved our global headquarters to Singapore, where we believe we have access to the talent and capital to maintain and further our technological and operational leadership in the industry. Since our founding, we have gained vast expertise and enhanced our business in the following areas:

Our single user interface and fully integrated cloud-based platform runs agnostically on a multitude of leading IoT devices, including internally developed cutting-edge devices, direct integrations to OEM devices and strategically cost-effective smart IoT devices from third parties and customer pre-owned devices. This enables us to deliver a unified and comprehensive service to our customers while maintaining control of our cost structure. Our discreet, sophisticated smart devices stream data to the platform, facilitating informed decisions about optimal asset efficiency and productivity, including live tracking and location of assets. Customers utilize the platform through an easily accessible web-based portal or mobile application, which is designed to be easy to deploy across our customers’ entire mobile asset fleet. Our devices can be installed in a range of mobile assets independent of asset procurement, allowing our customers to integrate our solutions in existing or new vehicles. Our platform includes a wide range of reliable services to effectively serve the needs of a geographically diverse range of clients.

As part of a limited strategy to distribute our SaaS platform through independent business owners, our solutions are sold through independent licensees in Botswana, Malawi, Rwanda and Zimbabwe, who enter into franchise agreements and have exclusive geographic licenses to market and sell our solutions in exchange for royalty payments. Revenue generated by licensees was 0.1% of our total revenue for the financial year ended February 28, 2025, 0.1% of our total revenue for the financial year ended February 29, 2024 and 0.1% of our total revenue for the financial year ended February 28, 2023.

We are subject to the information requirements of the Exchange Act. In accordance with these requirements, we file reports and furnish other information as a foreign private issuer with the SEC, including annual reports on Form 20-F and reports on Form 6-K. The SEC maintains an Internet website that contains reports and other information regarding registrants, like us, that file electronically with the SEC. The address of that website is www.sec.gov. We also make available on our website, free of charge, our annual reports on Form 20-F and the text of our reports on Form 6-K, including any amendments to these reports, as well as certain other SEC filings, as soon as reasonably practicable after they are electronically filed with or furnished to the SEC. Our website is https://karooooo.com/. The information on these websites, and any other website referenced herein, is not part of this report except as specifically incorporated by reference herein.

Overview

We provide a leading operations management SaaS platform that maximizes the value of operations and workflow data by providing insightful real-time data analytics to thousands of enterprise customers. Our platform simplifies decision-making by seamlessly unifying and contextualizing data from a wide range of sources, including OEM devices and proprietary devices, as well as open APIs. By consolidating business operations into a single, centralized hub, we enable our customers to overcome complex operational challenges related to safety, compliance, productivity, service delivery, cost control, fuel management, maintenance, routing, resource allocation, and workforce retention.

Our business is vertically integrated, which affords us complete autonomy with regards to the development of the capabilities and features that differentiate our applications as well as the speed of our innovation. Since we own and control almost every aspect of our most advanced smart device design, platform innovation and software application development, client acquisition and onboarding, customer service and the management of our back-end support, we are able to move quickly without any significant third-party dependencies and inefficiencies.

We serve customers in more than 20 countries across five continents, supporting more than 2.3 million subscribers as at February 28, 2025 and over 2.3 million connected vehicles and equipment on the Cartrack cloud platform. Our highly scalable platform serves large multinational enterprises and individual consumers alike, enabling us to address a large, growing and underpenetrated global market. We collect more than 200 billion data points per month and have maintained a consistent platform uptime of 99.9%.

Our proprietary SaaS platform acts as a central nervous system for connected vehicles and other mobile assets, such as construction equipment, generators, refrigeration units, trailers and boats. Our platform collects, processes, and analyzes data via two-way communication with our proprietary hardware technology or third-party devices in each vehicle or other asset, providing our users with visibility into their fleets from a single, user friendly interface with reporting and tracking capabilities that deliver actionable insights in real-time. Our intuitive web-based applications provide a comprehensive set of software features for managing fleets and related workforces without the need for customers to incur upfront information technology costs and include advanced functionality such as real-time high speed video streaming.

We provide customers with the flexibility to deploy our solutions across a range of vehicles, including electric vehicles, and other assets and to use our platform alone or in conjunction with the systems of OEM’s and other third parties. We are committed to the continued enhancement of our customer experience and retention by driving innovation in the platform, adding functionality, new software features and integration with OEM solutions. The benefits of our platform to our customers include increased productivity, efficiency, sustainability, and regulatory compliance. We empower our customers, which range from consumers to large enterprise fleets, with actionable intelligence to enhance profitability, better serve their customers, and strengthen safety and security. We define customers at the enterprise or consumer level and subscribers as each vehicle or asset we service.

Our principal expenditure includes costs related to Sales and Marketing, General and Administration and Research and Development, as more fully described further on in this annual report. Capital expenditure, including commitments, are also described further below.

Our Platform and its Key Strengths

We have built one platform with vertically integrated operations and we offer a:-

Broad array of mobility applications. We offer real-time connectivity services through mobile devices to manage the deployment of people, vehicles and the tasks that they are required to perform. This includes communications, analytics, accounting, live video streaming, workforce management and an array of medical and roadside assistance services that are applicable to taxi/ridesharing, public transit systems and logistics businesses. With fleet management, mobile asset accounting, workforce management, and a broad set of additional software features, we offer a highly functional, unified platform for smart transportation management and analytics delivered through a single screen.

Highly scalable vertical SaaS platform. Our cloud architecture enables us to quickly and reliably add thousands of mobile subscriptions and integrate their corresponding data streams each month, including data from sources such as OEMs and other third-party devices. Our easy-to-use interfaces for iOS and Android, as well as our online desktop platform, make it seamless for users to switch between devices, and our internally developed SaaS platform caters to all types of vehicle propulsion methods (internal combustion, hybrid, and electric) and allows for flexible integration with all major OEM hardware and software platforms.

Large and growing global infrastructure. Our business is vertically integrated in the design, development, production, and deployment of our hardware and software offerings. Unlike many of our competitors, almost all of our systems and products that we use are proprietary. Our vertically integrated model allows us to provide our customers with the benefits of lower costs and greater flexibility without third-party vendor lock-in. Our R&D center in Singapore is staffed exclusively by our employees and is positioned to ensure our continued access to world-class talent in Southeast Asia. To provide leading service in installations, customer support, and vehicle recovery, we have established a comprehensive branch network of automotive technicians with rapid-response capabilities in more than 20 countries in which we or our licensees operate and more than 1,000 mobile workshops to serve customers globally around-the-clock. Our customer focused approach to service is key to our leadership position in the industry.

Deep domain expertise, industry knowledge, and institutional intellectual property. Our experienced R&D and management teams have accumulated vast experience in the fields of data operations, GSM, radio frequency, and satellites, as well as emerging and next-generation technologies such as LPWAN and V2X communications. Each of our proprietary smart devices is compact, facilitating effective concealment, and is transferable from one vehicle to another. Personal safety considerations, specialized fleet management, and regulatory compliance will continue to require the design and development of proprietary hardware. Our trained automotive technicians carry out installations with electronic connections kept at a minimum so as not to interfere with the vehicle’s electronic systems. Our products and installations are endorsed by a number of insurers and motor vehicle manufacturers.

Culture of service and innovation. The values at the heart of our culture — accountability, integrity, service orientation, relationships, and an entrepreneurial mindset — are core drivers of our success. As we have grown from a small South African company to a global enterprise with more than 2.3 million subscribers, we have maintained a start-up culture that eschews hierarchy and where individual ownership, agility and an entrepreneurial mindset remain key features of our everyday behaviors and operations. We have a highly proven service delivery track record and are known for being quick to deploy and fast to respond.

Key Benefits to Our Customers

The relatively low monthly cost and material return on investment realized by our customers favorably positions us in both weak and strong macroeconomic environments. Our platform provides the following key benefits to our customers:

Increased safety: According to Frost & Sullivan, Video Telematics can lower driver distraction by 80%, reduce speeding by 65% increase seatbelt use by 70% and reduce collisions by 60%. Furthermore, the implementation of forward-looking collision avoidance technology could reduce rear-end crashes by 28%, fatalities by 44% and injuries by 47%.  In addition, Video Telematics can reduce accident claims by 25%.( Frost & Sullivan – Video Telematics is a New Safety Norm for Commercial Fleets: AI Powered Video Telematics – The Revolutionary Safety Tool; June 2020).

Lower operating costs. Research by the U.S. Department of Transportation shows that implementing telematics can reduce unsafe driving by 60%, which can translate into profit margin increases of 30% in commercial fleets as well as reduced emissions. (Study of the Impact of a Telematics System on Safe and Fuel-Efficient Driving in Trucks, by Boodlal, Leverson ; Chiang, Kun-Hung; 2014-04-01).

In a recent survey of fleet managers by Samba Safety, 39% of respondents indicated they have experienced reduced insurance premiums through insurer offered discounts and 25% have benefited from reduced premiums as a result of a reduction in accidents. (2024 Telematics Report Connecting the Dots on Strategies & Adoption).  We believe that the AI-enabled real-time feedback through our platform supports coaching of drivers to engage in behavior that lowers fuel consumption, reduces maintenance costs and improves on-road safety.

Increased workforce and asset productivity. Real-time fleet oversight and analysis of data can assist fleet managers in planning better routes and times for vehicles to be on the road, as well as planning maintenance through alerting and scheduling. Route management and traffic mapping, powered by our platform, can reduce the distance traveled by each vehicle. By providing an integrated platform for data, analytics and communications, driver and dispatch teams can work together more efficiently and empower management with greater insight into key performance indicators of asset and employee performance such as utilization, service intervals and billable hours.

Stability and reliability. Cartrack utilizes the GSM/LTE network to facilitate reliable communication between our platform and telematics devices. This technology enables recovery teams to accurately locate stolen vehicles and allows customers to track the movement of their vehicles via the web or mobile applications. GPS satellite technology provides users with accurate positioning and monitoring of the vehicle fleet. Secondary radio homing beacons enable air and ground response teams to locate vehicles in areas where coverage may be sparse. Customers also further benefit from our consistent 99.9% system uptime for the financial year ended February 28, 2025.

Road safety and accident management. The World Health Organization estimates that road traffic crashes cost most countries 3% of their gross domestic product, illustrating the importance of improving driver habits and monitoring commercial vehicles. Powered by industry leading AI, we provide comprehensive driver behavior monitoring and measurement applications which are easily integrated into vehicles to extract and analyze significant amounts of data to improve driver behavior. In addition, deployment of in-vehicle telematics sensors to monitor activity on-road and within a vehicle provides performance benefits and critical data in the event of a collision.

Our Opportunity

There is a significantly underpenetrated global opportunity in mobility data analytics for smart transportation. According to Allied Market Research, the automotive OEM telematics global market opportunity is expected to grow from $96.3 billion in 2024, and is projected to reach $321.3 billion by 2032, registering a CAGR of 16.3% from 2024 to 2032.  On-the-ground operations present an attractive opportunity and may account for more than 40% of global GDP, based on market research and analysis from multiple third-party sources including the World Bank and the CIA.  We believe a large portion of spending in the sector today is for outdated telematics offerings that do not provide the next-generation capabilities required by today’s customers across a broad range of transportation and mobility use cases. In 2024, Fitch Solutions estimated there will be more than 1.7 billion vehicles in the world, including more than 438 million commercial vehicles, increasing to 2.1 billion total vehicles by 2032, including more than 544 million commercial vehicles. According to Frost & Sullivan and Berg Insight, approximately 26% and 16% of commercial vehicles in South Africa and Southeast Asia were equipped with telematics devices and services in 2023, which suggest an underpenetrated market opportunity with significant growth runway. There is also a large global opportunity in video telematics solutions that improve driver safety and reduce operating costs.  According to Mordor Intelligence, the installed base of video telematics is expected to grow from 9.74 million units in 2025 to 22.19 million units in 2030, a CAGR of 17.8%.  Additionally, we are identifying new avenues of growth from our data analysis and monetization.

Our Growth Strategy

Our long-term growth is driven by five key factors:

Growth of OEM connected devices. Our SaaS platform is device agnostic and we currently have agreements with more than 10 OEM platforms whereby we collect vehicles diagnostic and safety data from the OEM telemetry devices. Increasing global access to these OEM devices will further drive demand for our complementary solutions and services. Further, we conduct aftermarket installations in collaboration with OEMs.

Deeper insights from data and platform. Our customers increasingly rely on our SaaS platform to optimize and manage their physical operations. In response to this growing demand, we remain committed to ongoing innovation. We focus on improving and expanding platform and product capabilities, and enhancing operational capacity to support growth across our target markets.

Global demand. We are experiencing increased global demand for connected vehicles, devices, and mobility data, which supports our geographic expansion efforts. Market penetration remains low to moderate across all regions, presenting a significant growth opportunity. We are focused on delivering scalable, customer-centric solutions that provide rapid and measurable value to both enterprise and consumer customers.

New platform enhancements. We continue to expand our platform to address our customers’ most critical operational and business priorities. Our investments in research and development focus on meeting customer expectations. Our product portfolio includes MiFleet, an intuitive administrative and vehicle cost accounting solution, and Delivery, a mobile-enabled workforce management application. Delivery supports key business processes such as stock control, electronic proof of delivery, invoicing, business intelligence, OEM integrations, job dispatch, and advanced messaging through its routing capabilities.

Significant barriers to entry. We operate in a market characterized by significant barriers to entry, which contribute to our competitive advantage. These include the fragmented nature of the global market, substantial upfront capital requirements to develop and deploy infrastructure at scale, and the need for sustained investment in research and development to remain at the forefront of technological innovation. Additionally, the capital required to fund device and installation costs further elevates the barrier for new entrants. Our strong execution culture and customer-centric approach further differentiate us in the marketplace. The industry has increasingly transitioned from upfront hardware and installation payments to recurring SaaS subscription models, where service providers retain ownership of the deployed telemetry devices. The rising demand for solutions with no upfront costs presents a challenge for smaller vendors and new entrants lacking the scale and financial resources to compete effectively. Further, it is difficult for new entrants to ensure a high level of service without scale of technical personnel capable of servicing customers whose operations span multiple cities and require IoT device installations across various assets.

We intend to pursue the following growth strategies:

Expand our customer base. Our global market penetration remains relatively low to moderate, which we believe presents a significant opportunity to expand our customer base across international markets. We anticipate that future demand growth will be driven by the continued proliferation of mobile assets and a diverse range of emerging smart mobility use cases. These include ongoing customer needs to enhance efficiency, reduce costs, improve safety, mitigate risk, compliance and governance. We expect this demand to outpace overall global fleet growth as broader adoption of mobility solutions accelerates in response to demonstrated value. Additionally, we foresee increased demand from governments, businesses, and consumers, particularly in regions experiencing increased regulations. We serve a wide spectrum of customers across multiple industries and remain focused on expanding our subscriber base.

Increase subscription sales to existing customers. Our continued focus on R&D and innovation enables us to develop new features and capabilities tailored to the growing and diverse demands of our global customer base. With more than 2.3 million subscribers, we see significant potential to expand our subscription revenue by driving increased subscriber adoption and engagement with additional products like video and Cartrack-tag and newer features and capabilities of our platform. Our existing customer base represents a significant opportunity for further subscription sales expansion.

Expand our geographic presence worldwide. While South Africa remains a key market, we anticipate stronger subscriber growth in the Asia-Pacific and Middle East regions. This expectation is based on several factors, including larger and growing populations, higher economic growth rates, a favorable competitive environment characterized by low market penetration and less sophisticated incumbent solutions, and the increasing scale of our established operations in these regions. We also expect demand to be driven by the need to improve road safety and reduce environmental impact, particularly in markets where vehicle populations are projected to increase significantly amid existing traffic congestion and pollution challenges. In addition, we are evaluating further expansion in Europe. Our operations in other parts of Africa, while currently limited in scale, are considered strategically important. As we expand the scope of our offerings, we believe we are well positioned to efficiently deploy our solutions across the global fleets of existing multinational customers as we enter new geographies where they already operate.

Our SaaS and DaaS Cloud Platform

Our platform simplifies decision-making by seamlessly unifying and contextualizing data from a wide range of sources, including proprietary devices, third party devices such as OEM devices, as well as data collected from our customers back-office systems via APIs. By consolidating business operations into a single, centralized hub, we enable our customers to overcome complex operational challenges such as safety, compliance, eco-driving, productivity, service delivery, cost control, maintenance, routing, risk mitigation, inventory control, resource allocation including vehicle utilization management, and workforce management. Powered by our extensive data asset, AI, and robust analytics, our platform delivers actionable insights that drive meaningful improvements to our customers’ physical operations.

Our platform is accessible to users via web interface and mobile applications, with SaaS offered via monthly subscription and DaaS offered via monthly subscription should the customer use their own fleet or on a cost per delivery should our customer leverage on third party drivers. Our applications are highly integrated to avoid the need for multiple interfaces, and include free application programming interface (“API”) integrations with third party systems such as enterprise resource planning (“ERP”) systems.

The principal components of our SaaS and DaaS platform include the following:

Commercial Applications

Consumer Applications in Southern Africa

Specialist Mobility Solutions

Next-Generation Mobility Solutions

We are constantly innovating to offer a range of additional mobility and monitoring solutions in select markets:

Smart IoT

Customers deploy our smart devices to collect real-time data from their vehicles and transmit this information to secure data centers for processing, which we manage via the Cartrack Private Cloud. Our platform components are designed to operate using a diverse array of communication technologies, including radio, satellite, and network protocols such as Sigfox and LoRa. We generally design, develop our devices and firmware in order to ensure their modularity and interoperability with our core subscription offering. We seek to increase device functionality and decrease device costs over time. We offer customers the option of a SaaS-based subscription model with no up-front payment, reducing the capital investment required to access our platform.

Our solutions are both flexible and relevant across all industries and fleet sizes, and have the capability to track most types of assets. Our technology has proven to be scalable, with many use cases in many countries. We have collected large amounts of data, which we have in turn learned to process quickly and reliably. As we continue to grow, we leverage our data by integrating data science and AI more deeply into our platform.

We believe our modular, proprietary designs give us an advantage over competitors who rely solely on third-party telematics devices because we are able to collect industry specific data through our devices tailored to our customers’ needs. Our devices can access and leverage CANBUS data, a system which enables communication between various parts of a vehicle, such as the engine control unit and airbags, which can be commercialized through collaborations with OEMs.

Our Customers

Our commercial customers operate across a range of industries. As at February 28, 2025 we had more than 125,000 commercial customers compared to more than 121,000 as at February 29, 2024 driven by new customer additions and maintaining our high customer retention rate, which we believe is testament to a satisfied customer base. We maintain a strong focus on internally monitoring and continuously enhancing our customer satisfaction levels. We provide 24/7 customer support as part of our subscription and our internal teams are proactive in assisting customers over the phone. Additional assistance is also available via chat and email. Customer centricity is core to our culture.

Representative customers by geographical regions are listed below:

South Africa: Dis-Chem, Kenings Car Van and Truck Hire, Lancet, MAN South Africa, Pick n Pay, SA Taxi Mobalyz, Spartan, Swissport, The Courier Guy, The Woodford Group.

Africa: AIDS Healthcare Foundation, BCI, British American Tobacco, ENHL-Bonatti, Gemfields Group, Handling, Mantrac, NCBA Kenya, Ryce Leasing, Stanbic Bank, Transportes Carlos Mesquita.

Europe: Eurocash, Grupo Visabeira, Jeronimo Martins, Petit Forestier, Telefurgo, Zabka.

Asia-Pacific and Middle East: AL Marwan, Asia Brewery, Coca-Cola, DHL, Diag, Dizon Farms, GetGo, KINTO, Ley Choon, Lootah, Lumens, Toyota Mobility Solutions.

Sales and Marketing

Our strategy to generate scale in a region is to target subscriber volume with consumers, sole proprietors and small businesses as we build our distribution and customer care capabilities. We then target the medium-sized businesses and large enterprises. In all regions, we sell subscriptions through our direct sales force.

Sales

We sell subscriptions to our SaaS fleet management platform through our direct sales organization. Maintaining direct control of our sales force allows us to efficiently target individual consumers and sole proprietors, small to medium-sized businesses with local fleets, and large enterprise fleets.

The focus of our sales efforts is to drive a high volume of transactions through a standardized and highly repeatable methodology. We focus on the core challenges that fleet operators face in managing their fleet. We are able to provide prospective customers with an anticipated return on investment (ROI) calculation that enables us to tangibly demonstrate the benefits of our solutions and how they address the challenges that they face. We highlight the insights that fleet operators gain from our reports and real-time alerts and how they can use those insights to improve productivity, increase operating profitability and solve key business problems. We believe we effectively sell our solutions to large customers because our platform is competitively priced, easy to use, stable and delivers the required actionable insights. We are also able to rapidly deploy our devices into a large fleet, making switching quick and easy. Additionally, the ease of use of our platform allows us to integrate our solutions with relative simplicity.

We have dedicated sales and marketing teams in each region using the following sales channels, depending on our customers’ needs and fleet sizes:

Inside sales and web sales. Our primary sales channel to both consumers and commercial prospective customers is via our internal teams. This is a key component of our go-to- market strategy and the teams have typically increased their sales productivity while lowering the aggregate cost of subscriber acquisition to date. Our sales agents conduct their selling activities telephonically, in some cases using live web demonstrations to convert sales leads to customers.

Field sales. Our field sales team of relationship managers meet face-to-face with prospective customers and focuses on sales to small businesses, medium-sized businesses and large enterprises. The field sales team is supported by an inside team of sales representatives.

In addition to the direct selling methods set out above, our field sales teams, with support from our inside sales team, work closely with automobile dealerships, insurance companies and insurance brokers to generate channel-based opportunities for us to acquire new customers.

Furthermore, both the inside sales teams and field sales teams focus on assisting customers that are adding devices through fleet expansion or broader use of additional applications or software features across their fleet. They monitor customer usage to ensure that customers are deriving the maximum benefit from our offering.

Marketing

Our marketing programs target both individual consumers, business owners and decision-making managers in multiple industries that operate fleets of commercial vehicles. Our marketing strategy is focused on lead generation and reinforcing customer engagement and thought leadership.

Lead generation is a core function of our business processes. We generate leads through a combination of internet-driven inbound activities and traditional outbound marketing activities.

Inbound leads. Our inbound leads are largely generated through digital or internet-based marketing efforts. This involves extensive search engine marketing, search engine optimization, email marketing, direct internet traffic, social media platforms and purchased lead generations. Our demand generation programs vary depending on our target customer, industry or fleet size, and include marketing activities such as integrated programs on the internet, outbound marketing campaigns targeted to prospective customers in key industries and geographies, attendance and sponsorship of trade shows, email lead generation and prospective customer follow up, and traditional public relations and website properties. We make use of social media to engage customers and prospective customers to generate interest, demand and leads.

Outbound leads. Our outbound lead generation involves a variety of traditional marketing activities, including customer referral, purchased leads, direct mail, email marketing, cold calling, advertising, trade shows and in-person events and telemarketing. We accumulate marketing lists through a variety of sources, including purchased lists selected by industry and geographic demographics. We filter prospective customers by using industry knowledge to identify quality targets.

Our Technology

We designed our SaaS Cloud platform architecture for global access via an internet browser or mobile application. Updates to our platform are distributed instantaneously to all of our customers over the internet. Our solutions have been specifically built to deliver:

Our fleet management platform is comprised of a telematics device that incorporates off-the-shelf components, including a cellular modem, GPS receiver and memory capacity sufficient to run our proprietary firmware, which reports vehicle coordinates, time, speed, ignition status and mileage from satellite readings. This information is collected using an event-based algorithm (allowing the events collected to provide a road hugging presentation on the mapping layers) and then sent to our receivers at third-party data centers via a commercial cellular network. The information is then processed and delivered to our customers providing a wide range of live reporting, mapping and alerts designed to give customers business intelligence. This information can be accessed by our customers via an internet browser or mobile application as well as be sent to customers by email, an XML feed, or internet services.

Our SaaS platform is deployed using a multi-tenanted architecture that scales rapidly to support additional subscribers through the addition of incremental commodity processing and storage hardware. This architecture flexibility allows us to sustain high levels of uptime without degradation of system performance despite significant subscriber growth. Our existing architecture and infrastructure have been designed with sufficient capacity to meet our current and anticipated future needs.

We use many frameworks, most notably REACT developed by Facebook, and write the majority of our software in industry-standard software programming languages, such as JavaScript, python, PHP and C/C++. All software is deployed for our relational database management system. Apart from these and other third-party industry standard technologies, our fleet management solutions have been specifically built and upgraded by our in-house development team.

Research and Development

The responsibilities of our research and development organization, which consists of 219 full-time employees, include platform management, platform development, quality assurance and technology operations. Our investment in research and development is core to our business strategy and a key differentiator in the competitive landscape. All of our research and development activities are performed in-house. Our primary research and development team is based in Singapore. We also have research and development centers in South Africa, and Portugal. Based on feedback from our customers and prospective customers, we work to expand our platform offerings while enhancing and maintaining our core solution technology to adapt to new regulatory compliance requirements, user demands and emerging trends in the industry. We develop new functionality with a view to full platform deployment for use by all of our customers and avoid bespoke development.

Operations

We physically host our cloud-based SaaS platform principally in seven secure third-party data centers located in South Africa, Singapore, the Netherlands, the United Arab Emirates and France. These data centers provide us with both physical security, including around-the-clock security personnel, biometric access controls and systems security, including firewalls, encryption, redundant power and environmental controls. Our data centers maintained over 99.9% system uptime for the financial year ended February 28, 2025. We believe that our third-party hosting facilities are adequate for our current needs and that suitable additional capacity will be available as needed to accommodate planned expansion of our operations. We believe our agreements with these third-party data centers are generally consistent with competitive market terms and conditions.

Our platform technology also includes switches, routers, load balancers, IDS/IPS and application firewalls from top-tier suppliers to serve as the networking infrastructure and high levels of security infrastructure for the network environment. We use rack-mounted servers to run our solutions and for content caching. We use storage area network (“SAN”) hardware with fiber channel and solid-state drives at our data center locations. These SAN systems have been designed for high performance and data-loss protection, and we believe that these systems have the capacity and scalability to support our anticipated growth for the foreseeable future.

We leverage a large team of employed installers worldwide to install our telematics devices, occasionally calling on third parties to assist with installation. Upon contracting with a new customer, we dispatch the nearest installer to the customer’s place of business or a central location for installation of our telematics devices. Typically, the full installation cycle is accomplished within two to five days from the date of contract. If a telematics device malfunctions in the field, we use our installers to replace the device.

Our Competition

The rapidly evolving market for our solutions is competitive and highly fragmented in certain of our regions, particularly by geography and customer segment. We compete with point-to-point solution providers as well as other companies with service offerings designed to address similar needs as our solutions that range from small, regional providers to midsized multinational providers to large global providers. Many of our competitors offer fleet or mobile asset management software solutions to particular industry segments or in limited geographic regions. For example, we compete with Verizon Connect, WebFleet by Bridgestone (formerly TomTom), Masternaut (a Michelin Group Company) and Fleet Complete for commercial fleet management in Europe; we compete with Tracker, Netstar, Power Fleet (formerly MiX Telematics), Geotab and CTrack in South Africa; and we compete with a large and fragmented group of competitors in Asia and Africa. Many larger competitors have entered the market in recent years through acquisitions of competing solutions, such as telecommunications provider Verizon acquiring Fleetmatics, as well as tyre companies Bridgestone and Michelin acquiring TomTom and Masternaut, respectively. Some of our actual and potential competitors may enjoy competitive advantages over us, such as greater name recognition, longer operating histories, more varied services, and larger marketing budgets, as well as greater financial, technical, and other resources.

We believe that the key competitive factors in our market include:

We believe that our efficient customer acquisition model, data driven business intelligence approach to fleet management, SaaS delivery model, deep domain expertise and large user base enable us to compete effectively. We believe that many of our competitors rely on up-front hardware sales to finance their operations, posing a significant investment hurdle for certain customers. Additionally, many of these competitive offerings are difficult to deploy and use and lack other features required by customers.

Some of our competitors have made or may make acquisitions or enter into partnerships or other strategic relationships to offer a more comprehensive service than we do. These combinations may make it more difficult for us to compete effectively, including on the basis of price, sales and marketing programs, technology, or service functionality. We expect these trends to continue as companies attempt to strengthen or maintain their market positions.

Seasonality

Our business is not materially affected by seasonal trends.

Intellectual Property

Our intellectual property rights are important to our business. We rely on a combination of trademark, copyright, and trade secret laws, as well as confidentiality procedures and contractual restrictions, to establish and protect our intellectual property rights. We also license technology from third parties. We believe our license agreements for third-party software and other intellectual property are generally consistent with industry standard terms and conditions. See “Risk Factors—Our SaaS platform relies on specific third-party software and any inability to license or use such software from third-parties could render our platform inoperable.” Although the protection afforded by trademark, copyright, and trade secret laws, written agreements and common law may provide some advantages, we believe that the following factors help us to maintain a competitive advantage: the technological skills of our research and development personnel; frequent enhancements to our solutions; and continued expansion of our proprietary technology.

Human Capital

As at February 28, 2025, we had 5,711 full-time employees of which 4,047 are located in South Africa, 310 are located in Africa-Other, 360 are located in Europe, and 994 are located in Asia-Pacific, Middle East and USA.

We have a team-oriented culture and encourage candor from our employees, which we believe helps us to succeed and drive operational excellence. We also seek to, and have a history of, promoting from within our organization as well as hiring top talent from outside of our Group to expand our capabilities. We aim to hire individuals who share our passion, commitment and entrepreneurial spirit. We are also committed to diversity and inclusion because we believe that diversity leads to better outcomes for our business and enables us to better meet the needs of our customers.

The following table lists the entities which are controlled by   the Group.    

Our principal executive office in Singapore is our premises at 17 Kallang Junction #06-05/06 Singapore 339274 which is leased upon the terms set out below. With effect from September 2024, the construction of our South African central office in Johannesburg, South Africa has been completed and is occupied by Cartrack. We also have lease agreements for office space at two other locations as set out below.

We use these offices for finance, legal, human resources, information technology, sales, marketing, manufacturing, training and education and other administrative functions.

We currently have seven data center sites providing coverage and high-speed access to all customers. The locations of the data centers are in the Netherlands, United Arab Emirates (Dubai), France and two each in Singapore and South Africa.

We believe that our facilities are adequate for our current needs and that suitable additional or substitute space will be available as needed to accommodate any potential expansion of our operations.

Item 4A. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

Not applicable.

Item 5. OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated annual financial statements and the notes thereto, included elsewhere in this annual report, as well as the information presented under “Presentation of Financial Information.” The following discussion and analysis include forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are subject to risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include, but are not limited to, those discussed elsewhere in this annual report. See “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and “Risk Factors.”

Overview

We are a leading provider of an operations management SaaS platform. Through our cloud platform, we empower businesses to conquer operations including fleet maintenance, fuel management and asset utilization, workforce management, logistics, safety, compliance, risk and environmental impact. Our differentiated insights and analytics simplify day-to-day operations and enable businesses to decrease costs, increase efficiency, improve safety and strengthen workforce and customer satisfaction. Our business is vertically integrated, which affords us complete autonomy to develop the capabilities and features that differentiate our applications as well as the speed of our innovation. Since we own and control almost every aspect of our smart device design, platform innovation and software application development, customer acquisition and onboarding, customer service and the management of our back-end support, we are able to move quickly without any significant third-party dependencies and inefficiencies. We have strategically grown our business and are now a global provider of a leading operations management SaaS platform.

Karooooo is headquartered in Singapore and owns 100% of Cartrack and 74.8 % of Karooooo Logistics.

We serve customers in more than 20 countries, supporting more than 2.3 million subscribers as at February 28, 2025 and our highly scalable platform serves large multinational enterprises and individual consumers alike, enabling us to address a large, growing and underpenetrated global market. As at February 28, 2025, we served more than 125,000 commercial customers (FY2024: 121,000+).

For management reporting purposes, we have organized our operations into the following reportable segments, based on the nature of the products and services provided:

Since our founding, we have gained vast expertise and enhanced our business in the following areas:

Our single user interface and fully integrated cloud-based SaaS platform runs on internally developed and cost-effective smart IoT devices, enabling us to deliver a unified and comprehensive service to our customers while maintaining control of our cost structure. Our discrete, sophisticated smart devices stream data to the platform, facilitating informed decisions about optimal asset efficiency and productivity, including live tracking and location of assets. Customers utilize the platform through an easily accessible web-based portal or mobile application, which is designed to be easy to deploy across customers’ entire mobile asset fleets. Our devices can be installed in a range of mobile assets independent of asset procurement, allowing our customers to integrate our solutions in existing or new vehicles. Our platform includes a wide range of reliable services to effectively serve the needs of a geographically diverse range of clients. Where appropriate, partnerships with third-party technology providers are established to create incremental value to customers in the markets we serve.

We believe that maintaining financial discipline and prudent investment of capital provide a strong foundation for growth. In recent years, our business has demonstrated meaningful scale, consistent growth, strong profitability, robust cash generation, and a high level of capital efficiency. For the financial year ended February 28, 2025, we increased our subscribers to 2,302,236 (FY 2024: 1,971,532). For the financial year ended February 28, 2025, we generated subscription revenues of ZAR 4,068.2 million compared to subscription revenues of ZAR 3,535.8 million for the financial year ended February 29, 2024, reflecting year-over-year growth of 15%.

Karooooo’s profit for the year was ZAR 937.1 million and ZAR 754.2 million, for the financial years ended February 28, 2025 and February 29, 2024, respectively, reflecting a year-over-year increase of 24%. This result includes Carzuka’s operating losses of ZAR 52.9 million in FY 2024. Effective from the first quarter of FY 2025, Carzuka has been fully integrated to support Cartrack operations, with the final on-hand vehicle sold off in Q1 2025.

Karooooo’s Adjusted EBITDA (a non-IFRS measure) for the year was ZAR 1,973.5 million and ZAR 1,690.6 million for the financial year ended February 28, 2025 and February 29, 2024, respectively, reflecting year-over-year growth of 17%.

Finally, we believe strong net cash generated from operating activities is an important factor in supporting our robust business model and indicates our ability to provide the capital necessary to invest in subscriber growth, territorial expansion and Karooooo Logistics. For the financial years ended February 28, 2025 and February 29, 2024, respectively, Karooooo generated net cash from operating activities of ZAR 1,933.3 million and ZAR 955.0 million, reflecting a year-over-year increase of 102%. As at February 29, 2024, Karooooo placed ZAR 485.7 million of its cash from operating activities in bank fixed deposits which matured in June and July 2024 that were classified as other receivables.

These results were achieved notwithstanding the Group’s strategic investment in product innovation, geographical expansion, brand building and customer acquisition for long-term, sustainable growth.

The following table sets forth the segment revenue, operating profit, operating profit margin, adjusted EBITDA (a non-IFRS measure) and adjusted EBITDA margin (a non-IFRS measure) for the periods presented.