Depreciation is computed on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives of property, plant and equipment including right of use assets as follows:

b) Foreign currency

i. Functional and presentation currency

The financial statements are presented in ZAR, which is the Group’s presentation currency. Each entity in the Group determines its own functional currency and items included in the financial statements of each of entities are measured using the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates.

ii. Transactions and balances

Transactions in foreign currencies are measured in the respective functional currencies of the Company and its subsidiaries and are recorded on initial recognition in the functional currencies at exchange rates approximating those ruling at the transaction dates. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated at the rate of exchange ruling at the end of the reporting period. Non-monetary items that are measured in terms of historical cost in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rates as at the dates of the initial transactions. Non-monetary items measured at fair value in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rates at the date when the fair value was measured.

Exchange differences arising on the settlement of monetary items or on translating monetary items at the end of the reporting period are recognized in profit or loss.

iii. Consolidated financial statements

For consolidation purpose, the assets and liabilities of foreign operations are translated into ZAR at the rate of exchange ruling at the end of the reporting period and their profit or loss are translated at the exchange rates prevailing at the date of the transactions. The exchange differences arising on the translation are recognized in other comprehensive income. On disposal of a foreign operation, the component of other comprehensive income relating to that particular foreign operation is recognized in profit or loss.

Exchange differences arising on monetary items that form part of the Group’s net investment in foreign operations are recognized initially in other comprehensive income and accumulated under foreign currency translation reserve in equity. The foreign currency translation reserve is reclassified from equity to profit or loss of the Group on disposal of the foreign operation.

Monetary items cease to form part of the net investment in the foreign operation at the moment in time when the Group decides that settlement is planned or is likely to occur in the foreseeable future. Accordingly, exchange differences arising on these monetary items up to that date are recognized in other comprehensive income and accumulated under foreign currency translation reserve in equity. The exchange differences that arise after that date are recognized in profit or loss. When these monetary items are settled, the exchange differences accumulated under foreign currency translation reserve in equity are reclassified from equity to profit or loss.

j) Taxation

i. Current income tax

Current income tax assets and liabilities for the current and prior periods are measured at the amount expected to be recovered from or paid to the taxation authorities. The tax rates and tax laws used to compute the amount are those that are enacted or substantively enacted at the end of the reporting period, in the countries where the Group operates and generates taxable income.

Current income taxes are recognized in profit or loss except to the extent that the tax relates to items recognized outside profit or loss, either in other comprehensive income or directly in equity. Management periodically evaluates positions taken in the tax returns with respect to situations in which applicable tax regulations are subject to interpretation and establishes provisions where appropriate.

Dividend withholding tax is currently payable on dividends distributed to equity holders of the Group at a rate as determined by each country’s jurisdiction. This tax is not attributable to the Company, but is collected by the Company and paid to the tax authorities on behalf of the shareholder.

On receipt of a dividend by a company from an investment held in a tax jurisdiction outside that of the Company, any dividend withholding tax payable is recognized as part of current tax.

ii. Deferred tax

Deferred tax is provided using the liability method on temporary differences at the end of the reporting period between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts for financial reporting purposes.

Deferred tax liabilities are recognized for all temporary differences, except:

Deferred tax assets are recognized for all deductible temporary differences, the carry forward of unused tax credits and unused tax losses, to the extent that it is probable that taxable profit will be available against which the deductible temporary differences, and the carry forward of unused tax credits and unused tax losses can be utilized, except:

The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at the end of each reporting period and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available to allow all or part of the deferred tax asset to be utilized. Unrecognized deferred tax assets are reassessed at the end of each reporting period and are recognized to the extent that it has become probable that future taxable profit will allow the deferred tax asset to be recovered.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply to the year when the asset is realized or the liability is settled, based on tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted at the end of each reporting period.

Deferred tax relating to items recognized outside profit or loss is recognized outside profit or loss. Deferred tax items are recognized in correlation to the underlying transaction either in other comprehensive income or directly in equity.

The Group offsets deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities if and only if it has a legally enforceable right to set off current tax assets and current tax liabilities and the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities relate to income taxes levied by the same taxation authority on either the same taxable entity or different taxable entities which intend either to settle current tax liabilities and assets on a net basis, or to realize the assets and settle the liabilities simultaneously, in each future period in which significant amounts of deferred tax liabilities or assets are expected to be settled or recovered.

iii. Value added tax

Revenues, expenses and assets are recognized net of the amount of value added tax except:

The net amount of value added tax recoverable from, or payable to, the taxation authority is included as part of receivables or payables in the statement of financial position.

l) Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business less the estimated costs of completion and the estimated costs necessary to make the sale. The cost of inventories comprises of all costs of purchase, costs of conversion and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition.

Cost is determined on a weighted average cost basis.

Management considers the condition and usability of inventories on an annual basis to determine whether an allowance for obsolete inventory is required.

t) Share capital and share issue expenses

Proceeds from issuance of ordinary shares are recognized as share capital in equity. Incremental costs directly attributable to the issuance of ordinary shares are deducted against share capital.

v) Contingencies

A contingent liability is:

A contingent asset is a possible asset that arises from past events and whose existence will be confirmed only by the occurrence or non-occurrence of one or more uncertain future events not wholly within the control of the Group.

Contingent liabilities and assets are not recognized on the statement of financial position of the Group.

Reconciliation of the carrying value of property, plant and equipment

The key estimates used for the value in use calculations and sensitivity to changes in assumptions are as follows: